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(this is the last revision, so please don't insert any question because I won't be able to respond, and I leave here forever, I hope my theories be helpful. best wishes, Alireza Badali Sarebangholi)
 
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== Goldbach's conjecture ==
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== <big>$\mathscr B$</big> $theory$ (algebraic topological analytical number theory) ==
  
'''Main theorem''': Let $\mathbb{P}$ is the set prime numbers and $S$ is a set that has been made as below: put a point at the beginning of each member of $\Bbb{P}$ like $0.2$ or $0.19$ then $S=\{0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7,...\}$ is dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$ of real numbers.
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Logarithm function as an inverse of the function $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb R,\,f(n)=a^n,\,a\in\Bbb R$ has prime numbers properties because in usual definition of prime numbers multiplication operation is a point meantime we have $a^n=a\times a\times ...a,$ $(n$ times$),$ hence prime number theorem or its extensions or some other forms is applied in $B$ theory for solving problems on prime numbers exclusively and not all natural numbers.
:About $7$ years ago I wrote this theorem and some notes to some mathematicians instance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cameron_(mathematician) Peter Cameron] (however he anxiously was guiding me but I said bye and ended the dialogue.)
 
  
This theorem is a corollary from [[User_talk:Musictheory2math#Polignac.27s_conjecture|theorem $1$]] of Polignac's conjecture!
 
  
$\,$This theorem is a base for finding formula of prime numbers, because for each member of $S$ like $a$ with its special and fixed location into $(0.1,1)$ and a small enough neighborhood like $(a-\epsilon ,a+\epsilon )$, but $a$ is in a special relation with members of $(a-\epsilon ,a+\epsilon )$ but there exists a special order on $S$ into $(0.1,1)$ and of course formula of prime numbers has whole properties related to prime numbers simultaneous. There is a musical note on the natural numbers that can be discovered by the formula of prime numbers.
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'''Algebraic structures & topology with homotopy groups & prime number theorem and its extensions or other forms or corollaries with limitation concept'''
  
Now I want state philosophy of '''This theorem is a base for finding formula of prime numbers''': However we loose the induction axiom for finite sets (Induction axiom is unable for discovering formula of prime numbers.) but I thought that if change space from natural numbers with cardinal $\aleph_0$ to a bounded set with cardinal $\aleph_1$ in the real numbers then we can use other features like axioms and important theorems in the real numbers for working on prime numbers and I think it is a better and easier way.
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Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST)
  
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture Goldbach's conjecture] ===
  
'''Theorem''' $1$: For each natural number like $a=a_1a_2a_3...a_k$ that $a_j$ is $j$_th digit for $j=1,2,3,...,k$, there is a natural number like $b=b_1b_2b_3...b_r$ such that the number $c=a_1a_2a_3...a_kb_1b_2b_3...b_r$ is a prime number.
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'''Lemma''': For each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),\,\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $\forall k\in \Bbb N$ with $k\ge m$ then $\exists t\in (a,b)$ that $t\cdot 10^k\in \Bbb P$.
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:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2482941/a-simple-question-about-density-in-the-interval-0-1-1/2483079#2483079 Proof] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/149178/adayah @Adayah] from stackexchange site: Without loss of generality (by passing to a smaller subinterval) we can assume that $(a, b) = \left( \frac{s}{10^r}, \frac{t}{10^r} \right)$, where $s, t, r$ are positive integers and $s < t$. Let $\alpha = \frac{t}{s}$.  
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:The statement is now equivalent to saying that there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $k \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ with $10^{k-r} \cdot s < p < 10^{k-r} \cdot t$.
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:We will prove a stronger statement: there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $n \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p < \alpha \cdot n$. By taking a little smaller $\alpha$ we can relax the restriction to $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$.
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:Now comes the prime number theorem: $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(n)}{\frac{n}{\log n}} = 1$$
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:where $\pi(n) = \# \{ p \leqslant n : p$ is prime$\}.$ By the above we have $$\frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} \sim \frac{\frac{\alpha n}{\log(\alpha n)}}{\frac{n}{\log(n)}} = \alpha \cdot \frac{\log n}{\log(\alpha n)} \xrightarrow{n \to \infty} \alpha$$
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:hence $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} = \alpha$. So there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\pi(\alpha n) > \pi(n)$ whenever $n \geqslant m$, which means there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$, and that is what we wanted♦
  
  
Importance of density in the Main theorem is similar to definition of irrational numbers from rational numbers.
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Now we can define function $f:\{(c,d)\mid (c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\}\to\Bbb N$ that $f((c,d))$ is the least $n\in\Bbb N$ that $\exists t\in(c,d),\,\exists k\in\Bbb N$ that $p_n=t\cdot 10^{k+1}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime and $\forall m\ge f((c,d))\,\,\exists u\in (c,d)$ that $u\cdot 10^{m+1}\in\Bbb P$
  
'''Goldbach's conjecture''' is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states: Every even integer greater than $2$ can be expressed as the sum of two primes.
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and $g:(0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\to\Bbb N,$ is a function by $\forall\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))$ $g(\epsilon)=max(\{f((c,d))\mid d-c=\epsilon,$ $(c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\})$.
  
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'''Guess''' $1$: $g$ isn't an injective function.
  
Assume $S_1=\{10^{-n}\cdot a\, |\, a\in S$ for $n=0,1,2,3,...\}$ & $L=\{(a,b)\mid a,b \in S_1,\, 0.01 \le a+b \lt 0.1,$ $\exists m \in \Bbb N,$ $a \cdot 10^m,\,b \cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$
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'''Question''' $1$: Assuming guess $1$, let $[a,a]:=\{a\}$ and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, h_n$ is the least subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $[a,b]$ in terms of size of $b-a$ such that $\{\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\mid g(\epsilon)=n\}\subsetneq h_n$ and obviously $g(a)=n=g(b)$ now the question is $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N$ that $m\neq n$ is $h_n\cap h_m=\emptyset$?
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:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2518063/a-medium-question-about-a-set-related-to-prime-numbers/2526481#2526481 Guidance] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/276986/reuns @reuns] from stackexchange site:
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:* For $n \in \mathbb{N}$ then $r(n) = 10^{-\lceil \log_{10}(n) \rceil} n$, ie. $r(19) = 0.19$. We look at the image by $r$ of the primes $\mathbb{P}$.
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:* Let $F((c,d)) = \min \{ p \in \mathbb{P}, r(p) \in (c,d)\}$ and $f((c,d)) = \pi(F(c,d))= \min \{ n, r(p_n) \in (c,d)\}$  ($\pi$ is the prime counting function)
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:* If you set $g(\epsilon) = \max_a \{ f((a,a+\epsilon))\}$ then try seing how $g(\epsilon)$ is constant on some intervals defined in term of the prime gap $g(p) = -p+\min \{ q \in \mathbb{P}, q > p\}$ and things like $ \max \{  g(p), p > 10^i, p+g(p) < 10^{i+1}\}$
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:Another guidance: The affirmative answer is given by [[Liouville theorems|Liouville's theorem on approximation of algebraic numbers]].
  
  
'''Theorem''': $S_1$ is dense in the interval $(0,1)$ and $S_1\times S_1$ is dense in the $(0,1)\times (0,1)$.
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Suppose $r:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $r(n)$ is obtained by putting a point at the beginning of $n$ instance $r(34880)=0.34880$ and similarly consider $\forall k\in\Bbb N,\, w_k:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $w_k(n)=10^{1-k}\cdot r(n)$ and let $S=\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N}w_k(\Bbb P)$.
  
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'''Theorem''' $1$: $r(\Bbb P)$ is dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$. (proof using lemma above)
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:Regarding to expression form of Goldbach's conjecture, by using this theorem, I wanted enmesh prime numbers properties (prime number theorem should be used for proving this theorem and there is no way except using prime number theorem to prove this density'''(?)''' because there is no deference between a prime $p$ and its image $r(p)$ other than a sign or a mark as a point for instance $59$ & $0.59$.) towards Goldbach hence I planned this method.
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:comment given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/3402/gerhard-paseman $@$GerhardPaseman] from stackexchange site: There are elementary methods to show your specified set is dense. Indeed, simple sieving methods and estimates known to Euler for the sum of the reciprocals of primes give a weak but for your result a sufficient upper bound on the number of primes less than $n$ (like ${n\over\log\log n}$).
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:A corollary: For each natural number like $a=a_1a_2a_3...a_k$ that $a_j$ is $j$_th digit for $j=1,2,3,...,k$, there is a natural number like $b=b_1b_2b_3...b_r$ such that the number $c=a_1a_2a_3...a_kb_1b_2b_3...b_r$ is a prime number.
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::Question $2$: Which mathematical concept at $[0.1,1)$ could be in accordance with the prime gap at natural numbers?
  
If $p,q$ are prime numbers and $n$ is the number of digits in $p+q$ and $m=$max(number of digits in $p$, number of digits in $q$), let $\varphi :\Bbb P\times\Bbb P\to \Bbb N,$ $\varphi ((p,q)) = \begin{cases} m+1 & n=m \\m+2 &  n=m+1 \end{cases}$
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'''Question''' $3$: What is equivalent to the ''prime number theorem'' in $[0.1,1)$?
  
  
'''Theorem''': For each $p,q$ belong to prime numbers and $\alpha \in \Bbb R$ that $0 \le \alpha,$ now if $\alpha = q/p$  then $L \cap \{(x,y)\mid y=\alpha x \}=\{10^{-\varphi ((p,q))}(p,q)\}$ and if $\alpha \neq q/p$ then $L \cap \{(x,y)\mid y=\alpha x \}=\emptyset $ and if $\alpha = 1$ then $L \cap \{(x,x)\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,x)\mid0.005 \le x \lt 0.05 \}$.
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'''Let''' $A_n=\{p_{1n},p_{2n},p_{3n},...,p_{mn}\}$ is all primes with $n$ digits, now since $\forall i=1,2,3,...,m-1,\,r(p_{in})\lt r(p_{(i+1)n})$ and $\lim_{m\to\infty}\frac{\pi(10^{m+1})-\pi(10^m)}{\pi(10^m)}=9$ I offer (probably via group theory & prime number theorem can be solved.): '''Guess''' $2$: $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\prod_{i=1}^mr(p_{in})}{\prod_{p\in\Bbb P,\,p\lt p_{1n}}r(p)}\sim({5\over9})^9\,.$$
  
  
'''Definition''': Assume $L_1=\{(a,b)\mid(a,b) \in L$ & $b \lt a \}$ of course members in $L$ & $L_1$ are corresponding to prime numbers as multiplication and sum and minus and let $E=(0.007,0.005)$ (and also $5$ points to form of $(0.007+\epsilon _1,0.005-\epsilon _2)$ that $\epsilon _2 \approx  2\epsilon _1$) is a base for homotopy groups! and let $A:=\{(x,y)\mid 0 \lt y\lt x,$ $0.01 \le x+y \lt 0.1\}$ & $V:=\{(a+b)\cdot 10^m \,|$ $(a,b) \in ((S_1 \times S_1) \cap A) \setminus L,$ there is a least member like $m$ in $\Bbb N$ such that $(a+b)\cdot 10^m \in \Bbb N \}$ & $r:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $r(n)$ is obtained as put a point at the beginning of $n$ like $r(34880)=0.34880$ and similarly consider $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ $r_k: \Bbb N \to (0,1)$ given by $\forall n\in\Bbb N$, $r_k(n)=10^{-k}\cdot r(n)$.
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'''Theorem''' $2$: $S$ is dense in the interval $[0,1]$ and $S\times S$ is dense in the $[0,1]\times [0,1]$.
  
  
'''Conjecture''' $1$: For each even natural number like $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k$, then $\exists (a,b),(b,a)\in L\,\cap$ $\{(x,y)\mid x+y=0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k\}$ such that $0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k=a+b$ & $10^{k+1} \cdot a,10^{k+1} \cdot b\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$.
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'''An algorithm''' that makes new cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$:
:Conjecture $1$ is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture, this conjecture has two solutions $1)$ Homotopy groups $\pi _n(X)$ (by using  cognition $L_1$ from homotopy groups this conjecture is solved of course we must attend to two spheres because $S^2$ minus the tallest point in north pole as topological and algebraic is an equivalent with plane $\Bbb R^2$ (except $\infty$) and also every mapping is made between these two spheres easily if these spheres aren't concentric.), using homotopy theory linear type problems like Goldbach can be solved and $2)$ Algebraic methods.
 
:'''Assuming''' conjecture $1$, it guides us to finding formula of prime numbers at $(0,1) \times (0,1),$ in natural numbers based on each natural number is equal to half of an even number so in natural numbers main role is with even numbers but when we change space from $\Bbb N$ to $r(\Bbb N)$ then main role will be with $r( \{2k-1\mid k \in \Bbb N \} )$, because $r(\{2k-1\mid k\in \Bbb N\})\subset r(\{2k\mid k\in \Bbb N\})$ or in principle $r(\Bbb N)=r(\{2k\mid k\in \Bbb N\})$ for example $0.400=0.40=0.4$ or $0.500=0.50=0.5$ but however a smaller proper subset of $r( \{2k-1\mid k \in \Bbb N \} \cup \{2\} )$ namely $S$ is helpful, but for finding formula of prime numbers we need to all power of Main theorem not only what such that is stated in above conjecture namely for example we must attend to the set $V$ too!
 
::'''Conjecture''' $2$: For each even natural number like $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k,$ $\exists x\in \{\alpha (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}\,|$ $(a,b) \in L,$ $\alpha \in (1,\sqrt 2] \} \cap r_1(\{2k\mid k\in \Bbb N \} )$ such that $t=10^{k+1} x$.
 
::Conjecture $2$ is an equivalent to conjecture $1$, because $\forall t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k \in \Bbb N$ that $t$ is even, $\forall (a,b)\in \{(x,y)\mid x+y=0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k,\, 0\lt y\le x \}$ we have: $(a^2+b^2)^{0.5}\lt 0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k\le \sqrt 2\cdot (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}$ so by intermediate value theorem we have $0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k=\alpha (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}$ that $1\lt \alpha \le \sqrt 2$. But now if $a=10^{-k-1} p,b=10^{-k-1} q$ for $p,q$ belong to prime numbers we have:<sub>$$\alpha = \frac{t}{\sqrt {p^2+q^2}}$$</sub>
 
  
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Let $\Bbb N$ be that group and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ and let identity element $e=1$ be corresponding with $0$ and two generators $m$ & $n$ be corresponding with $1$ & $-1$ so we have $\Bbb N=\langle m\rangle=\langle n\rangle$ for instance: $$0,1,2,-1,-2,3,4,-3,-4,5,6,-5,-6,7,8,-7,-8,9,10,-9,-10,11,12,-11,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$
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then regarding to the sequence find a rotation number of the form $4t,\,t\in\Bbb N$ that for this sequence is $4$ and hence equations should be written with module $4$, then consider $4m-2,4m-1,4m,4m+1$ that the last should be $km+1$ and initial be $km+(2-k)$ otherwise equations won't match with definitions of members inverse, and make a table of products of those $k$ elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers too and of course if integers corresponding with two members don't have same signs then product will be a piecewise-defined function for example $12\star _u 15=6$ or $(4\times 3)\star _u (4\times 4-1)=6$ because $(-5)+8=3$ & $-5\to 12,\,\, 8\to 15,\,\, 3\to 6,$ that implies $(4n)\star _u (4m-1)=4m-4n+2$ where $4m-1\gt 4n$ of course it is better at first members inverse be defined for example since $(-9)+9=0$ & $0\to 1,\,\, -9\to 20,\,\, 9\to 18$ so $20\star _u 18=1$, that shows $(4m)\star _u (4m-2)=1$, and with a little bit addition and multiplication all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is:
  
'''Theorem''': $\forall p,q,r,s$ belong to prime numbers & $q \lt p$ then $(p,q)$ is located at the direct line contain the points $(0,0),10^{-\varphi ((p,q))}(p,q)$ and if $(r,s)$ is belong to this line then $p=r$ & $q=s$.
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$\begin{cases} m\star _u 1=m\\ (4m)\star _u (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star _u (4m-1)\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m)\star _u (4n)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m)\star _u (4n+1)=4m+4n\\ (4m+1)\star _u  (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\\ \Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle=\langle 4\rangle\end{cases}$
  
  
Let $S^2_2$ be a sphere with center $(0,0,r_2)$ and radius $r_2$ and $S^2_1$ be a sphere with center $(0.007,0.005,c)$ and radius $r_1$ such that $S^2_1$ is into the $S^2_2$ now suppose $f_1,f_2$ are two mapping from $A$ to $S^2_2$ such that $1)$ if $x \in A,$ $f_1 (x)$ is a curve on $S^2_2$ that is obtained as below: from $x$ draw a direct line that be tangent on $S^2_1$ and stretch it till cut $S^2_2$ in curve $f_1 (x)$ and $2)$ if $x \in A,$ $f_2 (x)$ is a curve on $S^2_2$ that is obtained as below: from $x$ draw a direct line that be tangent on $S^2_1$ and then in this junction point draw a direct line perpendicular at $S^2_2$ till cut $S^2_2$ in curve $f_2 (x)$.
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Problem $1$: By using matrices rewrite operation of every group on $\Bbb N$.
  
Let $f_3: L_1 \to S^1$ is a mapping with $f_3 ((a,b)) = (a^2+b^2)^{-0.5}(a,b)$ and $f_4:L_1 \to S^2$ is a mapping with $f_4 ((a,b)) = (a^4+a^2b^2+b^2)^{-0.5}(a^2,ab,b) $
 
  
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Assume $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$: $\begin{cases} n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\end{cases}$
  
'''Guess''' $1$: $f_3 (L_1) $ is dense in the $S^1 \cap \{ (x,y)\mid 0 \le y$ & $2^{-0.5} \le x \}$.
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and $p_n\star _1p_m=p_{n\star m}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime with $e=p_1=2$, obviously $(\Bbb N,\star)$ & $(\Bbb P,\star _1)$ are groups and $\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\simeq (\Bbb Z,+)\simeq (\Bbb P,\star _1)=\langle 3\rangle=\langle 5\rangle$.
  
  
Let $U: S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\} \to \{(x,y,0)\mid x,y \in \Bbb R \}$ is a mapping such that draw a direct line by $(0,0,2r_2)$ & $(x,y,z)$ till cut the plane $\{(x,y,0)\mid x,y \in \Bbb R \}$ in the point $(x_1,y_1,0)$. Now must a group be defined on the all the points of $S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\}$.
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I want make some topologies having '''prime numbers properties''' presentable in the collection of '''open sets''', in principle when we image a prime $p$ to real numbers as $w_k(p)$ indeed we accompany prime numbers properties among real numbers which regarding to the expression form of prime number theorem for this aim we should use an important mathematical technique as logarithm function into some planned topologies: '''question''' $4$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean. ($M=\Bbb R,\,B=[0,1],\,A=S$ or $M=\Bbb R^2,$ $B=[0,1]\times[0,1],$ $A=S\times S$)
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:Perhaps these techniques are useful:
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:$\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ and for each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),$ that $a\neq b,$ assume:
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:$\begin{cases} U_{(a,b)}:=\{n\in\Bbb N\mid a\le r(n)\le b\},\\ \\V_{(a,b)}:=\{p\in\Bbb P\mid a\le r(p)\le b\},\\ \\U_{(a,b),n}:=\{m\in U_{(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\V_{(a,b),n}:=\{p\in V_{(a,b)}\mid p\le n\},\\ \\w_{(a,b),n}:={\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(a,b),n}}\cdot\log n,\\ \\w_{(a,b)}:=\lim _{n\to\infty} w_{(a,b),n},\\ \\z_{(a,b),n}:={\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(a,b),n}}\cdot\log{(\#U_{(a,b),n})},\\ \\z_{(a,b)}:=\lim_{n\to\infty}z_{(a,b),n}\end{cases}$
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::Guess $3$: $\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,w_{(a,b)}={10\over9}\cdot(b-a)$.
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:::[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2683513/an-extension-of-prime-number-theorem/2683561#2683561 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/82961/peter $@$Peter] from stackexchange site: Imagine a very large number $N$ and consider the range $[10^N,10^{N+1}]$. The natural logarithms of $10^N$ and $10^{N+1}$ only differ by $\ln(10)\approx 2.3$ Hence the reciprocals of the logarithms of all primes in this range virtually coincicde. Because of the approximation $$\int_a^b \frac{1}{\ln(x)}dx$$ for the number of primes in the range $[a,b]$ the number of primes is approximately the length of the interval divided by $\frac{1}{\ln(10^N)}$, so is approximately equally distributed. Hence your conjecture is true.
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:::Benfords law seems to contradict this result , but this only applies to sequences producing primes as the Mersenne primes and not if the primes are chosen randomly in the range above.
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::::Let $e:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N,$ is a function that $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ gives the number of digits in $n$ instance $e(1320)=4$, and let $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},$ and for each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),$ that $a\neq b,$ $\begin{cases} A_{k,(a,b)}:=\{n\mid\exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),\, t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb N,\, 10\nmid t_2\cdot10^{t_1},\, n=t_2\cdot 10^{k+t_1}\},\\ \\B_{k,(a,b)}:=\{p\mid\exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),\, p=t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb P,\,\exists n_1,n_2\in A_{k,(a,b)},\, n_1\le p\le n_2,\,e(n_1)=e(n_2)\},\\ \\A_{k,(a,b),n}:=\{m\in A_{k,(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\B_{k,(a,b),n}:=\{m\in B_{k,(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\c_{k,(a,b),n}:=(\#A_{k,(a,b),n})^{-1}\cdot\#B_{k,(a,b),n}\cdot\log n,\\ \\c_{k,(a,b)}:=\lim _{n\to\infty} c_{k,(a,b),n}\end{cases}$.
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:::::Guess $4$: $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,c_{k,(a,b)}=10^{-k}\cdot (b-a)$. (and we knew $\sum _{k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}}10^{-k}={10\over9}$)
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::Guess $5$: $\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,z_{(a,b)}={10\over9}\cdot(b-a)$.
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:::Question $5$: What does mean $\forall a\in[0.1,1),\,\forall b\in(0.1,1),\,a\lt b,\,\lim_{b\to a}z_{(a,b)}=0$?
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::Guess $6$: $\forall(a,b),(c,d)\subset[0.1,1),\,\lim_{n\to\infty}{\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#V_{(c,d),n}}={b-a\over d-c}=\lim_{n\to\infty}{\#U_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(c,d),n}}$.
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:::<small>Comment given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/403583/dzoooks $@$Dzoooks] from stackexchange site: It shouldn't be that hard to get estimates from $V_{(a,b),n}=\{p\leq n : 10^ka\lt p\lt 10^k\text{ for some }k\}=\sqcup_{k\geq1}\{p\in[0,n]\cap(10^ka,10^kb)\},$ where the union is disjoint from $10^kb\lt10^k\leq10^{k+1}a$. Then $\#V_{(a,b),n}$ can be summed with the PNT. You'll see that a $(b-c)$ comes out of the sum..maybe</small>
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:::<small>and the PNT gives $\#\{p\in[0,n]\cap(10^ka,10^k)\}\sim\frac{(b-a)10^k}{\log b-\log a},$ for large $n$ and $k$. Factor these out of the sum, and it looks like your limit is actually $\frac{b-a}{\log b-\log a}\cdot\frac{\log d-\log c}{d-c}$.</small>
  
Let $G=S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\}$ be a group by operation $g_1 + g_2 = U^{-1} (U(g_1)+U(g_2))$ that second addition is vector addition in the vector space $(\Bbb R^2,\Bbb Q,+,.)$ and now we must attend to subgroups of $G$ particularly $y=\pm x,\,y=0,\,x=0$
 
  
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Using homotopy groups Goldbach's conjecture will be proved.
  
'''Theorem''': Let $K_3 =\{p+q+r\mid p,q,r \in \Bbb P \}$ then $r(K_3)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers. Proof from Goldbach's weak conjecture
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Alireza Badali 08:27, 31 March 2018 (CEST)
  
 +
==== Goldbach by $\Bbb N$ ====
  
'''Guess''' $2$: Let $K_2 =\{p+q\mid p,q \in \Bbb P \}$  then $r(K_2)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers.
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Let $\lt_1$ be a total order relation (not well ordering) on $\Bbb N$ as: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,m\lt_1n$ iff
  
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$\begin{cases} r(m)\lt r(n),\,m=m_1\times10^s,\,n=n_1\times10^s,\,10\nmid m_1,\,10\nmid n_1,\,m_1,n_1\in\Bbb N,\,s\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\} & \text{ or}\\ \\m=m_1\times10^s,\,n=n_1\times10^t,\,s\lt t,\,10\nmid m_1,\,10\nmid n_1,\,m_1,n_1,t\in\Bbb N,\,s\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}\end{cases}$
  
Let $F= \Bbb Q$ so what are Galois group of polynomials $x^4+b^2x^2+b^2$ and $(1+a^2)x^2 +a^4$.
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then assume $\mathfrak T$ is a topology on $\Bbb N$ induced by $\lt_1$ ($(\Bbb N,\mathfrak T)$ is a Hausdorff space).
  
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'''Theorem''' $1$: $\Bbb P$ is dense in the interval $(1,10)$.
  
'''Theorem''' $2$: If $(a,b),(c,d)\in \{(u,v)\mid u,v\in S_1$ & $0.01\le u+v\lt 0.1$ & $0\lt v\lt u \}$ and $(a,b),(c,d),(0,0)$ are located at a direct line then $(a,b)=(c,d)$.
 
:Proof: Suppose $A_1=\{(x,y)\mid y \lt x\lt 0.01,\, x+y\ge 0.01\}$ & $A_2=\{(x,y)\mid y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x+y\ge 0.1\}$ so $\forall (x,y) \in A_2 :\,\, 0.1(x,y)\in A_1$ & $\forall (x,y) \in A_1 :\,\, 10(x,y)\in A_2$ so theorem can be proved in $A_3=\{(x,y)\mid 0\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x\ge 0.01\}$ instead $A$, but in $A_3$ we have: $\forall (x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2)\in A_3\cap (S_1\times S_1)$ so $x_1=10^{-r_1}p_1,\, y_1=10^{-s_1}q_1,$ $x_2=10^{-r_2}p_2,$ $y_2=10^{-s_2}q_2$ and if ${{y_1}\over {x_1}}$=${{y_2}\over {x_2}}$ then ${{10^{-s_1}q_1}\over {10^{-r_1}p_1}}$=${{10^{-s_2}q_2}\over {10^{-r_2}p_2}}$ so $p_1=p_2,\, q_1=q_2$ so $x_1=x_2$ so $y_1=y_2$ therefore $(x_1,y_1)=(x_2,y_2)$.
 
  
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on the other hand $\Bbb N$ is a cyclic group by:
  
Let $Y=\{(a,b)\mid (a,b)\in (S_1\times S_1)\setminus L,\, 0.01\le a+b\lt 0.1\}$ & $\forall i\in \Bbb N,$ $E_i=\{(a,b)\,|$ $(a,b)\in S_1\times S_1,$ $a+b=r_1(2i)\}$ & $O_i=\{(a,b)\mid (a,b)\in S_1\times S_1,\, a+b=r_1(2i-1)\}$.
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$\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ e=1\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\end{cases}$
  
  
In theorem $2$ I obtained a cognition to $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ from $(0,0)$ but now I want do it from $\infty$; in the trapezoid shape with vertices $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ intersection of two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0)\}$ & $\{(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ is $(0,0)$ so we can describe $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ from $(0,0)$ but when we look at two parallel lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$ there isn't any point as a criterion for description of $Y$ or $L$ only inaccessible $\infty$ remains to description or the same these parallel lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$.
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Question $1$: Is $\Bbb N$ a topological group?
  
  
'''Theorem''' $3$: $1)\, \forall x\in [0.01,0.1)\setminus  r_1 (\Bbb N),\,\, \{(u,v)\mid u+v=x\}\cap (S_1\times S_1)=\emptyset ,\,\,$ $2)\, \forall i\in \Bbb N,$ $E_i\subsetneq L,\, O_i\cap L\neq \emptyset \neq O_i\cap Y\neq O_i,\qquad Y=(\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} O_i )\setminus L,$ $L=(\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} E_i)\cup (\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} (O_i\cap L)),\,\,$ $3)\, \forall i\in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(O_i \setminus L)\in \Bbb N$.
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'''Goldbach's conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $2n+3=p\star q$.
:Proof: $1,2)\, \forall (u,v)\in \{(x,y)\mid 0\lt y,x,\, 0.01\le x+y\lt 0.1\}$ be aware to summation $u+v$ at the lines $x+y=c$ for $0.01\le c\lt 0.1 \,\,\,3)\, \forall i\in\Bbb N,\, 2i-1$ can be written as utmost $2i-1$ summation to form of $a\cdot 10^m+b\cdot 10^n$ that $m\neq n,\, a,b\in S_1,\, a\cdot 10^m,b\cdot 10^n$ are prime numbers and or to form of $2+b\cdot 10^n$ that $b\in S_1,\, b\cdot 10^n$ is a prime number.
 
  
  
'''Guess''' $3$: $\forall i\in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(E_i)=\aleph_0 =$cardinal$(O_i \cap L)$
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'''Guess''' $1$: the set $P_1:=\{{p+1\over2}\mid p\in\Bbb P\}$ is dense in $\Bbb N$.
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:is this content related to the prime gap?
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:probably ''prime number theorem'' isn't enough for proving this guess.
  
  
'''Guess''' $4$: $L_1$ is dense in $\{(x,y)\mid 0\le y\le x,\, 0.01\le x+y\le 0.1\}$, and $M:=\{(a,b)\mid a,b\in S_1,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,$ $a\cdot 10^m,b\cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$ is dense in the $[0,1]\times [0,1]$.
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'''Question''' $2$: Is $\Bbb N$ metrizable?
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:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2947518/is-this-hausdorff-space-bbb-n-metrizable-and-bounded/2947575#2947575 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/15500/arthur $@$Arthur] from stackexchange site: Let $v(n)$ be the number of trailing zeroes of $n$ (i.e. the largest natural number such that $10^{v(n)}\mid n$). Then the function $n\mapsto r(n)+v(n)$ maps $\Bbb N$ to a subset of $\Bbb Q$, and using the standard ordering on $\Bbb Q$ this function respects the ordering. So $(\Bbb N,<_1)$ is order isomorphic to a subset of $(\Bbb Q,<)$. hence $d:\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\to\Bbb R,\,\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $d(m,n)=\vert r(m)+v(m)-r(n)-v(n)\vert$ is distance between $m,n$.
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:comment given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/254665/danielwainfleet $@$DanielWainfleet]: If $(X,d)$ is a connected metric space and $X$ has at least $2$ points then $X$ is uncountable. Because if $a,b\in X$ with $a\neq b$ then for every $r\in(0,1)$ we have $\emptyset\neq\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)=r\cdot d(a,b)\}$. Otherwise for some $r\in(0,1)$ the open sets $\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)\lt r\cdot d(a,b)\}$,$\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)\gt r\cdot d(a,b)\}$ are disjoint and non-empty, and their union is  $X$. the $\lt_1$-order-topology on $\Bbb N$ is metrizable and therefore is not connected.
  
  
'''Guess''' $5$: $\forall i\in \Bbb N,\, E_i\cap \{(x,y)\mid y\le x\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\mid x+y=r_1(2i),\, 0\le y\le x\}$ and $O_i\cap L\cap \{(x,y)\mid y\le x\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\mid x+y=r_1(2i-1),$ $0\le y\le x\}$.
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Ordered sets $(\Bbb N=\{n\times10^m\mid m\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,n\in\Bbb N,\,10\nmid n\},\lt_1)$ & $(A:=\{m+r(n)\mid m\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,n\in\Bbb N,\,10\nmid n\},\lt)$ have the same order type with bijective $f:\Bbb N\to A,\,f(n\times10^m)=m+r(n),$ $n\times10^m\lt_1u\times10^v$ iff $m+r(n)\lt v+r(u)$
  
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Alireza Badali 21:20, 17 September 2018 (CEST)
  
'''A rectangle''': Suppose $B$ is a rectangle with vertices $(0.105,-0.005),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005),$ $(0.06,-0.05)$ that one of usages of this rectangle is for writing each even natural number as minus of two prime numbers but during calculations we must use $\{(x,0)\mid 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$, but the question is however this rectangle as topological isn't equivalent to the plane $\Bbb R^2$ and each point in this rectangle is corresponding to a infinite set with cardinal $\aleph_0$ in $\Bbb R^2$ but which concept on the plane $\Bbb R^2$ is corresponding to the density concept on this rectangle.
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==== Goldbach by odd numbers ====
  
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Let $Z_1:=\{\pm(2n-1)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{0\}$ and $\lt_1$ be a total order relation (not well ordering) on $Z_1$ with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ 2n-1\lt_12m-1 & \text{iff}\quad r(2n-1)\lt r(2m-1),\\ -2n+1\lt_1-2m+1 & \text{iff}\quad r(2n-1)\gt r(2m-1),\\ -2n+1\lt_10\lt_12m-1\end{cases}$
  
Now I want find a relation between $L_1$ & $W:=((S_1\times S_1) \cap A) \setminus L$.
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then assume $\mathfrak T$ is a topology on $Z_1$ induced by $\lt_1$ ($(Z_1,\mathfrak T)$ is a Hausdorff space).
  
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'''Guess''' $1$: $P_1=\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ is dense in $N_1:=\{n\in Z_1\mid n\gt0\}$.
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:The topology induced by $\lt_1$ has prime numbers properties because we should apply ''prime number theorem (distribution of prime numbers)'' to prove this density  or in principle there exists an especial two sided relation between ''prime number theorem'' and this density.
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:and hence $Z_1\setminus\{0\}$ is a separable space under subspace topology.
  
'''Theorem''': Let $K =\{2k \mid k \in \Bbb N \}$ so $r(K)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers. Proof from the Main theorem and this $r(p)=r(p\cdot 10)$ that $p$ is a prime number then $p\cdot 10$ is an even number and $\{ p\cdot 10 \mid p \in \Bbb P \} \subset K$.
 
  
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$(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\  m\star_11=m\\ (2n)\star_1(2n+1)=1\\ (2m)\star_1(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star_1(2n-1)=2m+2n-3\\ (2m)\star_1(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+2 & 2m\gt2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt2m\end{cases}\\ \Bbb N=\langle2\rangle=\langle3\rangle\end{cases}$
  
Main theorem as a result of prime number theorem is a fundamental concept in number theory also multiplication operation is a base in normal definition of prime numbers so logarithm function as an inverse of $f(a)=a^n$ has some or whole prime numbers properties that has been used in prime number theorem and consequently in the Main theorem. But I want offer a new theory with researching on logarithmic functions that it can be a useful discussion in number theory.
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hence we can consider following cyclic group $(N_1,\star_2)$ with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ 1\star_2(2m-1)=2m-1\\ (4n-1)\star_2(4n+1)=1\\ (2m-1)\star_2(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m+2n-1 & \text{m,n are even}\\ 2m+2n-3 & \text{m,n are odd}\\ 2m-2n-1 & m\gt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\\ 2n-2m+1 & m\lt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\end{cases}\\ N_1=\langle3\rangle=\langle5\rangle\end{cases}$
  
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and finally regarding sequences below we have the cyclic group $(Z_1,\star)$: $$1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,…$$ $$0,1,-1,3,-3,5,-5,7,-7,9,-9,11,-11,13,-13,15,-15,17,-17,19,-19,21,-21,23,-23,…$$ $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\quad e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m+1)=0\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-3)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+3)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & m\le n\\ 4m-4n-3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+3)=-4m-4n+5\\ (-4m+3)\star(4n-1)=\begin{cases} 4n-4m+1 & m\le n\\ 4n-4m+3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+3\\ (4m-1)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+1)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+1\\ Z_1=\langle1\rangle=\langle-1\rangle\end{cases}$
  
'''Now''' a new definition of prime numbers based on mapping $r$ is necessary, presently I have an idea consider $\forall k\in \Bbb N,$ the sequence $b_k:\Bbb N \to \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\},\,b_k(n)$ is the last digit in $k^n,$ so if $k=k_1k_2k_3...k_r$ then $b_k(1)=k_1$ and if $k^n=t_1t_2t_3...t_s$ so $b_k(n)=t_1,$ but for primes $k,$ it is a special different pattern than composite numbers and of course I want find some properties on $r$ for example $r(m \cdot n)$ when last digit is $1,2$ or $3$ or $4,5,6,7,8,9$, of course for $3$ penultimate digit (and probably two to last digit) is important and in addition is there any way for assessment location $r(m\cdot n)$ from $r(m)$ & $r(n)$.
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Question $1$: Is $Z_1$ a topological group?
  
  
'''Our weakness is from basic concepts''', I want obtain a cognition of $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ and $L_1$ from point $(0.02,0.03)$ like theorem $2$ from $(0,0)$, but this time it is an equivalent to a new definition of $S_1$, because intersection of two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0)\}$ & $\{(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ is the point $(0,0)$ but however two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$ are parallel so imposition of point $(0.02,0.03)$ as a criterion only can be equilibrated by concept of the set $S_1$!
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'''Goldbach’s conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in P_1$ such that $2n+5=p\star q$.
  
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Alireza Badali 19:52, 22 September 2018 (CEST)
  
'''Hypothesis''' $1$: $\forall m,t\in\Bbb N$ if $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k\cdot 10^{m-1}$ for $t_k=2,4,6,8$ or $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k\cdot 10^m$ for $t_k=1,3,5,7,9$ then if $\forall p,q\in \Bbb P$ that $p,q\lt t$ implies $t\neq p+q$ then $\exists M\subseteq \Bbb N$ that cardinal$(M)=\aleph_0$ so $\forall i\in M$ if $\forall r,s\in\Bbb P$ that $r,s\lt t\cdot 10^{i-m}$ then $t\cdot 10^{i-m}\neq r+s$.
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===== $Z_1$ a UFD =====
:I believe the Goldbach's conjecture is truth so I think with proof by contradiction we can prove the Goldbach's conjecture.
 
:I think with assuming this hypothesis a contradiction will be obtained and consequently the Goldbach's conjecture will be proved.
 
  
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$(\Bbb N,\star_1,\circ_1)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\  m\star_11=m\\ (2n)\star_1(2n+1)=1\\ (2m)\star_1(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star_1(2n-1)=2m+2n-3\\ (2m)\star_1(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+2 & 2m\gt2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt2m\end{cases}\\ 1\circ_1m=1,\quad2\circ_1m=m,\quad(3\circ_1m)\star_1m=1\\ (2m)\circ_1(2n)=2mn\\ (2m+1)\circ_1(2n+1)=2mn\\ (2m)\circ_1(2n+1)=2mn+1\end{cases}$
  
From Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions that says: for any two positive coprime integers $a$ and $d$, there are infinitely many primes of the form $a+nd$, where $n$ is a non-negative integer, and from existence an one-to-one correspondence between the sets $A_1$ & $A_2$ in theorem $2$, I think there is a fixed in the following sets, $\forall p\in\Bbb P$ if $0.01\le r_1(p)\le 0.05$ the set $\{(a,b)\in L_1\mid a=r_1(p)\},$ and if $0.05\lt r_1(p)\lt 0.1$ the set $\{(a,b)\in L_1\mid a=r_1(p)\}\cup\{(a,b)\in L_1\mid a=r_2(p)\}$.
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hence $(N_1,\star_2,\circ_2)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall v\in N_1\\ 1\star_2(2m-1)=2m-1\\ (4n-1)\star_2(4n+1)=1\\ (2m-1)\star_2(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m+2n-1 & \text{m,n are even}\\ 2m+2n-3 & \text{m,n are odd}\\ 2m-2n-1 & m\gt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\\ 2n-2m+1 & m\lt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\end{cases}\\ 1\circ_2v=1,\quad3\circ_2v=v,\quad(5\circ_2v)\star_2v=1\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-5)=16mn-8m-8n+3\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-3)=16mn-8m-8n+5\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-8n-1\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-8n+1\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n-3)=16mn-8m-8n+3\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-8n+1\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-8n-1\\ (8m-1) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-1\\ (8m-1) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn+1\\ (8m+1) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-1\end{cases}$
  
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from this table, $m\in\Bbb N$: $$4m-2,4m-1,4m,4m+1$$ $$8m-5,8m-3,8m-1,8m+1$$ for instance $(8m-3) \circ_2(8n+1)=t(t^{-1}(8m-3)\circ_1t^{-1}(8n+1))=t((4m-1) \circ_1(4n+1))=$ $t((2(2m-1)+1)\circ_1(2(2n)+1))=t(2(2m-1)(2n))=t(4(2mn-n))=8(2mn-n)-1=16mn-8n-1$
  
'''Guess''' $6$: $\forall t,r,s\in\Bbb N$ that $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k$ is even and $r,s$ are odd and $s\le r$ and $t=r+s$ then $(10^{-k-1}r,10^{-k-1}s)\in A\cup \{(x,x)\,|$ $0.005\le x\lt0.05\}$.
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and finally $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall v\in Z_1,\quad e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m+1)=0\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-3)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+3)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & m\le n\\ 4m-4n-3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+3)=-4m-4n+5\\ (-4m+3)\star(4n-1)=\begin{cases} 4n-4m+1 & m\le n\\ 4n-4m+3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+3\\ (4m-1)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+1)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+1\\ 0\circ v=0,\quad1\circ v=v,\quad((-1)\circ v)\star v=0\\ (4m-3)\circ(4n-3)=8mn-4m-4n+1\\ (4m-3)\circ(-4n+3)=-8mn+4m+4n-1\\ (4m-3)\circ(4n-1)=8mn-4n-1\\ (4m-3)\circ(-4n+1)=-8mn+4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(-4n+3)=8mn-4m-4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(4n-1)=-8mn+4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(-4n+1)=8mn-4n-1\\ (4m-1)\circ(4n-1)=8mn-1\\ (4m-1)\circ(-4n+1)=-8mn+1\\ (-4m+1)\circ(-4n+1)=8mn-1\end{cases}$
  
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from this table: $$8m-5,8m-3,8m-1,8m+1$$ $$4m-3,-4m+3,4m-1,-4m+1$$
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:without ring theory we have no appropriate calculations.
  
If $\{\mathrm I_{\theta}\}_{\theta\in\mathcal I}$ is a partition for $U:=\{(p,q)\mid p,q\in\Bbb P,$ $q\le p\}$ then $\{J_{\theta}\}_{\theta\in\mathcal I}$ is a partition for $L_2:=L_1\cup \{(a,a)\in L\}$ such that $\forall\theta\in\mathcal I,$ $J_{\theta}=\{(r_s(p),r_t(q))\in L_2\mid r_t(q)\le r_s(p),$ $(p,q)\in\mathrm I_{\theta},$ $s,t\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(r_t(q),r_s(p))\in L_2\mid r_s(p)\le r_t(q),$ $(p,q)\in\mathrm I_{\theta},$ $s,t\in\Bbb N\}$.
 
  
'''In the following''' I need to some partitions for $L_2$ or the same cognitions to $L_2,$ however we should be aware to the details of trapezoid shape with vertices $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$, the problem is which partition is a good cognition to $L_2$
+
Guess $1$: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,n$ is a prime iff $2n-1$ is an irreducible element in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ and we have: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,r,s\in\Bbb N,\\ m\pm n=r\qquad\text{iff}\quad(2m-1)\star(\pm(2n-1))=2r-1\\ m\cdot n=s\qquad\text{iff}\quad(2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=2s-1\quad\text{iff}\quad2s-1=(2m-1)\star(2m-1)\star...(2m-1)\,(n\text{ times})\end{cases}$.
  
 +
Irreducible elements in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ except $3$ are of the form $4k-3,\,k\in\Bbb N$.
  
'''Guess''' $7$: $\forall a,d\in\Bbb N$ that gcd$(a,d)=1$ then cardinal$(\{(r_s(n),r_t(a+nd))\in L_1\mid n=0,1,2,3,...,$ $r,s\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(r_t(a+nd),r_s(n))\in L_1\mid n=0,1,2,3,...,\, r,s\in\Bbb N\})=\aleph_0$
+
Guess $2$: $Y:=\{2p-1\mid p\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$ is dense in $N_1$.
 +
:The topology induced by $\lt_1$ has prime numbers properties because we should apply ''prime number theorem (distribution of prime numbers)'' to prove this density or in principle there exists an especial two sided relation between ''prime number theorem'' and this density and in $Z_1$ there is no even number.
 +
:and hence $Z_1\setminus\{0\}$ is a separable space under subspace topology.
  
  
'''Theorem''' $4$: $\forall t\in\Bbb N\,\forall p\in\Bbb P\,1)\,$if $0.01\le r_1(p)\le 0.05$ then cardinal$(\{(r_1(p),u)\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N,\,2)$ if $0.05\lt r_1(p)\lt 0.1$ then cardinal$(\{(r_1(p),u)\in L_2\}\cup\{(r_2(p),u)\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N,\, 3)$ if $r_1(p)\lt 0.05$ then cardinal$(\{(u,r_t(p))\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N$ & cardinal$(\{(u,v)\in L_2\mid v\in\bigcup _{m\in\Bbb N} \{r_m(p)\}\})=\aleph_0$
+
'''Goldbach's conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists r,s\in\Bbb N$, such that $4n+7=(4r-3)\star(4s-3),$ & $4r-3,4s-3$ are irreducible elements greater than $3$ in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$.
:Proof: Be aware to number of digits in prime numbers corresponding to coordinates of each member in $L_2$ and Dirichlet theorem on arithmetic progressions.
+
:meantime $2r-1,2s-1\in\Bbb P$ & $4n+7$ is of the form $4k-1,\,k\in\Bbb N$.
  
  
'''Guess''' $8$: $\forall c\in (\bigcup _{k=2}^{\infty} r_k(\Bbb N))\cup\{0.01\},\,$cardinal$(\{(u,v)\in L_1\mid u-v=c\})=\aleph_0$
+
Problem $1$: in order to define an infinite field based on $Z_1$, make a division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in which given two elements $s,t\in Z_1$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division.
 +
:comment given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/41291/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94 $@$მამუკაჯიბლაძე] from stackexchange site: since this isomorphic $f:\Bbb Z\to Z_1,$ $f(n)=2n-\operatorname{sign}(n)$ with inverse $g:Z_1\to\Bbb Z$ given by $g(n)=\frac{n+\operatorname{sign(n)}}2$ then $Z_1$ is an Euclidean domain, i.e. does admit an Euclidean function.
 +
:and I would define some infinite sentences by using this field.
 +
:and I want explain density by a function.
  
  
'''Hypothesis''' $2$: $\forall k,m\in\Bbb N,\,$that gcd$(2,m)=1$ and $\forall p,q\in\Bbb P$ with $p,q\lt 2^km$ that $2^km\neq p+q$ then $\qquad\qquad$ cardinal$(\{t\in\Bbb N\mid 2^tm\neq p+q$ for $\forall p,q\in\Bbb P$ that $p,q\lt 2^tm\})=\aleph_0$
+
Guess $3$: for each interval $(s,t)$ that $s,t\in N_1,\,\exists n,u,v\in\Bbb N,$ such that $4n+7=(4u-3)\star(4v-3)$ & $4u-3,4v-3$ are irreducible elements greater than $3$ in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$.
  
 +
Alireza Badali 12:19, 24 September 2018 (CEST)
  
Now by using Chen's theorem that says: Every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime(the product of two primes) and its extension by Tomohiro Yamada that says: Every even number greater than ${\displaystyle e^{e^{36}}\approx 1.7\cdot 10^{1872344071119348}}$ is the sum of a prime and a product of at most two primes, and Chen's theorem $II$ that is a result on the twin prime conjecture, It states that if $h$ is a positive even integer, there are infinitely many primes $p$ such that $p+h$ is either prime or the product of two primes and Ying Chun Cai's theorem that says: there exists a natural number $N$ such that every even integer $n$ larger than $N$ is a sum of a prime less than or equal to $n^{0.95}$ and a number with at most two prime factors, I want make some partitions for $L_2$ (in principle I want write Gaussian integers with prime coordinates in several equations.):
+
====== Widget theory ======
  
 +
Definition: a widget w is an element of $[0.1,1)\setminus r(\Bbb N)$ but without decimal point instance $30141592653058979320003846264...$.
  
Theorem: Let $(X,T_1),\,(Y,T_2)$ be topological spaces and $H$ be a homeomorphism from $X \to Y$. If $C$ is a dense subset of $X$, $H(C)$ is dense in the $Y$ necessarily.
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'''Conjecture''': $N_1$ is dense in the $W$ the set of all widgets.
:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2352522/density-can-be-transferred-by-a-homeomorphism Proof] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/337888/daniel-schepler Daniel Schepler] from stackexchange.com: Since density is a property which only depends on the topology, this is true, namely, suppose $U$ is a nonempty open subset of $Y$, then since $H$ is bijective, we can rewrite $U \cap H(C) = H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$, however, $H^{-1}(U)$ is open by continuity of $H$, and nonempty since $H$ is surjective, therefore, $H^{-1}(U) \cap C$ is nonempty since $C$ is dense; and therefore, $U \cap H(C) = H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$ is also nonempty. (So, this proves only using that $H$ is continuous and bijective, it is actually possible to refine the proof to work only assuming that $H$ is continuous and surjective - in that case, $U \cap H(C) \supseteq H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$.)
 
:Another [https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2352522/density-can-be-transferred-by-a-homeomorphism proof] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/446262/jos%C3%A9-carlos-santos José Carlos Santos] from stackexchange.com: Let $y\in Y$; for proof of every neighborhood $N$ of $y$, $N\cap H(C)\neq\emptyset$, take $x\in X$ such that $f(x)=y$, then $f^{-1}(N)$ is a neighborhood of $x$ and therefore $f^{-1}(N)\cap C\neq\emptyset$. So, $N\cap H(C)\neq\emptyset$.
 
  
'''Theorem''': $r(\{2p\mid p\in\Bbb P\})$ and $r(\{5p\mid p\in\Bbb P\})$ are dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$.
 
:Proof: Under Euclidean topology, mapping $f_1:\{(x,x)\mid x\in [0.005,0.05)\}\to\{(x,0)\mid x\in [0.01,0.1)\}$ by $f_1((a,a))=(2a,0)$ & $f_2:\{(x,0)\mid x\in [0.01,0.1)\}\to \{(x,x)\mid x\in [0.005,0.05)\}$ by $f_2((a,0))=(0.5a,0.5a)$ are homeomorphism and also $\forall r_1(p)\in [0.01,0.02]$ we have $0.5r_1(p)=r_2(5p)$ & $\forall r_1(p)\in (0.02,0.1)$ we have $0.5r_1(p)=r_1(5p)$ of course by another topology we should transfer density to $[0.1,1]$.
 
:Question $1$: According to gcd$(2,5)=1$ & $2\cdot 5=10$ & $(5-2)-2=1$ so $\forall q\in\Bbb P,$ is $r(\{pq\mid p\in\Bbb P\})$ dense in the $[0.1,1]$
 
  
 +
$\forall w_1,w_2\in W,\,w_1\lt_W w_2$ iff $a_1\lt a_2$ in which $a_i,\,i=1,2$ is corresponding to $w_i$.
  
Assume $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$
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Alireza Badali 14:02, 18 October 2018 (CEST)
  
$\begin{cases}
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===== Quotients from $Z_1$ =====
n\star 1=n\\
 
(2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\
 
(2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\
 
(2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\
 
(2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases}
 
2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\
 
2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\end{cases}$
 
  
and $p_n\star _1p_m=p_{n\star m}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime & $\forall (p_n,p_m),(p_s,p_t)\in\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,$ $(p_n,p_m)\star _2(p_s,p_t)=(p_n\star _1p_s,p_m\star _1p_t)$.
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Question $1$: does exist any best known UFD isomorphic to $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$? does exist any best known topological space homeomorphic to $(Z_1,\mathfrak T)$?
  
Obviously $(\Bbb N,\star)$ & $(\Bbb P,\star _1)$ & $(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,\star _2)$ are groups and $\langle 2\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\cong (\Bbb Z,+)\cong (\Bbb P,\star _1)=\langle 3\rangle$ & $\langle (3,2),(2,3)\rangle =(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,\star _2)\cong (\Bbb Z\times\Bbb Z,+)$ & $\pi _n(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P)\cong\pi _n(\Bbb Z)\times\pi _n(\Bbb Z)$.
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Alireza Badali 18:02, 7 October 2018 (CEST)
  
In $(\Bbb N,\star)$ we have: $(2k+1)^n=2kn+1=(2k)^{-n},\quad (2k)^n=2kn=(2k+1)^{-n}$
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polignac%27s_conjecture Polignac's conjecture] ===
  
 +
In previous chapter above I used an important technique by theorem $1$ for presentment of prime numbers properties as density in discussion that using prime number theorem it became applicable, anyway, but now I want perform another method for Twin prime conjecture (Polignac) in principle prime numbers properties are ubiquitous in own natural numbers.
  
and let $Q_1=\{{m\over n}\mid m,n\in\Bbb N\}$, obviously $(Q_1,\star _{Q_1})$ is an Abelian group with:
 
  
$\begin{cases}
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'''Theorem''' $1$: $(\Bbb N,\star _T)$ is a group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$
\forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N,\, {m\over n}\star _{Q_1} 1={m\over n}\\
 
({m\over n})^{-1}={m^{-1}\over n^{-1}}\qquad m\star m^{-1}=1=n\star n^{-1}\\
 
{m\over n}\star _{Q_1} {u\over v}={m_1\over n_1}\star _{Q_1} {u_1\over v_1}={{m_1\star u_1}\over {n_1\star v_1}}\quad\text{if}\,\,\begin{cases}
 
{m\over n}={m_1\over n_1},\,\, {u\over v}={u_1\over v_1},\,\, {mu\over nv}={m_1u_1\over n_1v_1}\\
 
\text{gcd}(m_1,n_1)=1=\text{gcd}(m_1,v_1)=\text{gcd}(u_1,n_1)=\text{gcd}(u_1,v_1)\end{cases}\end{cases}$
 
:I mean is first simplification of fractions and then calculation like <math>{44 \over 12}</math> that gets <math>{11\over 3}</math>.
 
:'''Question''' $2$: does <math>(Q_1,\star _{Q_1})\cong (\Bbb Q,+)</math>?
 
:'''Problem''' $1$: Suppose <math>N_1=\{(m,n)\mid m,n\in\Bbb N,\, \gcd(m,n)=1\}</math>, make a group on <math>N_1</math> correspondence to <math>(Q_1,\star _{Q_1})</math> in terms of members production and isomorph to <math>(Q_1,\star _{Q_1})</math>.
 
  
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$\begin{cases} (12m-10)\star_T(12m-9)=1=(12m-8) \star_T(12m-5)=(12m-7) \star_T(12m-4)=\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12m-1)=(12m-3) \star_T(12m)=(12m-2) \star_T(12m+1)\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-10)=12m+12n-19\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-9)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-10\gt 12n-9\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-9\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-8)=12m+12n-15\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-20\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-10\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-5\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-10\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-4\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-18\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-10 & 12m-10\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+11 & 12n-2\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-7 & 12m-10\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+12 & 12n-1\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-10\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-9)=12m+12n-16\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-8)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m-9\gt 12n-8\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n-8\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-7)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-9\gt 12n-7\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n-7\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-6)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-4 & 12m-9\gt 12n-6\\ 12n-12m+9 & 12n-6\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-5)=12m+12n-12\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-17\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-5 & 12m-9\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+4 & 12n-3\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-13\\ (12m-9)\star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-9 & 12m-9\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+6 & 12n+1\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-8)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-18\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-8\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-5\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+2 & 12m-8\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-1 & 12n-4\gt 12m-8\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-8\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n-2\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-8\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-1\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-8\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-8\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-15\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-7\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-5\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-7\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-4\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-7 & 12m-7\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+12 & 12n-2\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-7\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n-1\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-7\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-3\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+5 & 12m-6\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m & 12n-5\gt 12m-6\\ 5 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+4 & 12m-6\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-5 & 12n-4\gt 12m-6\\ 4 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-8\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-6\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-2\gt 12m-6\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-6\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-1\gt 12m-6\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+2 & 12m-6\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m-1 & 12n\gt 12m-6\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-6\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-5)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-13\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-5\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n-3\gt 12m-5\end{cases}\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-5\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-5 & 12m-5\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+4 & 12n+1\gt 12m-5\end{cases}\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-12\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m-4\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n-3\gt 12m-4\end{cases}\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-4 & 12m-4\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+9 & 12n+1\gt 12m-4\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-3\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-2\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-3\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-1\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-3\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-3\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-2\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-1\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-2 & 12m-2\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+1 & 12n+1\gt 12m-2\end{cases}\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-5\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-1\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n+1\gt 12m-1\end{cases}\\ (12m) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n+1\gt 12m\end{cases}\\ (12m+1) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n+1\end{cases}$
  
According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing_function#Cantor_pairing_function pairing function] let $Q_p=\{(s,t)\mid s,t\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}\}$ and $Q_p$ is a cyclic group as:
+
that $\forall k\in\Bbb N,\,\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =\langle (2k+1)\star _T (2k+3)\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star _T)\simeq (\Bbb Z,+)$ and $\langle (2k)\star _T(2k+2)\rangle\neq\Bbb N$ and each prime in $\langle 5\rangle$ is to form of $5+12k$ or $13+12k$, $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ and each prime in $\langle 7\rangle$ is to form of $7+12k$ or $13+12k$, $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ and $\langle 5\rangle\cap\langle 7\rangle=\langle 13\rangle$ and $\Bbb N=\langle 5\rangle\oplus\langle 7\rangle$ but there isn't any proper subgroup including all primes of the form $11+12k,$ $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ (probably I have to make another better).
$\begin{cases}
+
:Proof:
\forall (s,t),(u,v)\in Q_p,\quad e=(0,0),\quad (Q_p,\star _p)=\langle (1,0)\rangle\\
+
$$0,-1,1,-3,-2,-5,3,2,-4,6,5,4,-6,-7,7,-9,-8,-11,9,8,-10,12,11,10,-12,-13,13,-15,$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,$$ $$-14,-17,15,14,-16,18,17,16,-18,-19,19,-21,-20,-23,21,20,-22,24,23,22,-24,...$$ $$29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,...$$
(s,t)^{-1}=\pi ^{-1} [(0.5(s+t)(s+t+1)+t+1)^{-1}]\\
 
(s,t)\star _p (u,v)=\pi ^{-1} [(0.5(s+t)(s+t+1)+t+1)\star (0.5(u+v)(u+v+1)+v+1)]\end{cases}$
 
  
  
Of course each sequence $\{a_n\}$ that $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N,\,n\neq m$ then $a_n\neq a_m$ is a cyclic group as: $a_n\star _aa_m=a_{n\star m},\, e=a_1,\, G=\langle a_2\rangle$
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'''Question''' $1$: For each group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ generated from algorithm above, if $p_i$ be $i$_th prime number and $x_i$ be $i$_th composite number then do $\exists m\in\Bbb N,\,\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $n\ge m$ we have: $2\star3\star5\star7...\star p_n=\prod_{i=1}^{n}p_i\gt\prod _{i=1}^{n}x_i=4\star6\star8\star9...\star x_n$?
  
 +
'''Question''' $2$: For which group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ generated from algorithm above, do we have: $\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^np_i,\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^nx_i\in\Bbb N,$ $(\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^np_i)\star(\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^nx_i)=1$?
  
'''Algorithm''' of making of new cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$:
 
  
Let $(\Bbb N,\star)$ be that group and we have $\Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle$ & $e=1$ and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ for instance: $$0,1,2,-1,-2,3,4,-3,-4,5,6,-5,-6,7,8,-7,-8,9,10,-9,-10,11,12,-11,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$
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now let the group $G$ be external direct sum of three copies of the group $(\Bbb N,\star _T)$, hence $G=\Bbb N\oplus\Bbb N\oplus\Bbb N$.
then regarding to the sequence find a rotation number that for this sequence is $4$ and hence equations should be written with module $4$, then consider $4m-2,4m-1,4m,4m+1$ that the last should be $km+1$ and initial be $km+(k-2)$ otherwise equations won't match with members inverse definitions, and make a table of productions of those $k$ elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers for example $12\star 15=6$ or $(4\times 3)\star (4\times 4-1)=6$ because $(-5)+8=3$ & $-5\to 12,\,\, 8\to 15,\,\, 3\to 6,$ that implies $(4n)\star (4m-1)=4m-4n+2$ if $4m-1\gt 4n$ of course it's better at first members inverse be defined for example since $(-9)+9=0$ & $0\to 1,\,\, -9\to 20,\,\, 9\to 18$ so $20\star 18=1$, that implies $(4m)\star (4m-2)=1$, and with a little addition and subtraction all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is:
 
  
$\begin{cases}
 
0+8=8 & 1\star _{\Bbb N} 15=15\\
 
1+8=9 & 2\star _{\Bbb N} 15=18\\
 
2+8=10 & 3\star _{\Bbb N} 15=19\\
 
(-1)+8=7 & 4\star _{\Bbb N} 15=14\\
 
(-2)+8=6 & 5\star _{\Bbb N} 15=11\\
 
3+8=11 & 6\star _{\Bbb N} 15=22\\
 
4+8=12 & 7\star _{\Bbb N} 15=23\\
 
(-3)+8=5 & 8\star _{\Bbb N} 15=10\\
 
(-4)+8=4 & 9\star _{\Bbb N} 15=7\\
 
5+8=13 & 10\star _{\Bbb N} 15=26\\
 
6+8=14 & 11\star _{\Bbb N} 15=27\\
 
(-5)+8=3 & 12\star _{\Bbb N} 15=6\\
 
(-6)+8=2 & 13\star _{\Bbb N} 15=3\\
 
7+8=15 & 14\star _{\Bbb N} 15=30\\
 
8+8=16 & 15\star _{\Bbb N} 15=31\\
 
(-7)+8=1 & 16\star _{\Bbb N} 15=2\\
 
(-8)+8=0 & 17\star _{\Bbb N} 15=1\end{cases}$
 
  
that its group is:
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'''Theorem''' $2$: $(\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N,\lt _T)$ is a well ordering set with order relation $\lt _T$ as: $\forall (m_1,n_1,t_1),(m_2,n_2,t_2)\in\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N,$ $(m_1,n_1,t_1)\lt _T(m_2,n_2,t_2)$ iff $\begin{cases} t_1\lt t_2 & or\\ t_1=t_2,\, m_1-n_1\lt m_2-n_2 & or\\ t_1=t_2,\, m_1-n_1=m_2-n_2,\, n_1\lt n_2\end{cases}$ ♦
  
$\begin{cases}
 
m\star  _{\Bbb N} 1=m\\
 
(4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m-1)\\
 
(4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m+2)=3=(4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m+3)\\
 
(4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\
 
(4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\
 
(4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=\begin{cases}
 
4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\
 
4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\
 
(4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=\begin{cases}
 
4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\
 
4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\
 
(4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\
 
(4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=\begin{cases}
 
4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\
 
4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\
 
2 & m=n\end{cases}\\
 
(4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=\begin{cases}
 
4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\
 
4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\end{cases}\\
 
(4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=4m+4n-3\\
 
(4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=4m+4n\\
 
(4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\end{cases}$
 
  
that this group $(\Bbb N,\star _{\Bbb N})$ is helpful for twin prime conjecture.
+
and suppose $M=\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N$ is a topological space ('''Hausdorff space''') induced by order relation $\lt _T$.
  
  
and the Klein four-group $(\Bbb Z _2\times\Bbb Z _2,+)$ is a fundamental concept in the group theory that its usage is for propositions rejection so I made below group somehow similar to that group in terms of members production for proof of the Goldbach's conjecture with proof by contradiction that is: $$0,1,2,-2,-1,3,-3,4,5,-5,-4,6,-6,7,8,-8,-7,9,-9,10,11,-11,-10,12,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$ and $e=1$ and $(\Bbb N,\star _{K_4})=\langle 2\rangle$ so we have:
+
'''Question''' $3$: Is $G$ a topological group with topology of $M$?
  
$\begin{cases}
 
0+(-7)=-7 & 1\star _{K_4}17=17\\
 
1+(-7)=-6 & 2\star _{K_4}17=13\\
 
2+(-7)=-5 & 3\star _{K_4}17=10\\
 
(-2)+(-7)=-9 & 4\star _{K_4}17=19\\
 
(-1)+(-7)=-8 & 5\star _{K_4}17=16\\
 
3+(-7)=-4 & 6\star _{K_4}17=11\\
 
(-3)+(-7)=-10 & 7\star _{K_4}17=23\\
 
4+(-7)=-3 & 8\star _{K_4}17=7\\
 
5+(-7)=-2 & 9\star _{K_4}17=4\\
 
(-5)+(-7)=-12 & 10\star _{K_4}17=25\\
 
(-4)+(-7)=-11 & 11\star _{K_4}17=22\\
 
6+(-7)=-1 & 12\star _{K_4}17=5\\
 
(-6)+(-7)=-13 & 13\star _{K_4}17=29\\
 
7+(-7)=0 & 14\star _{K_4}17=1\\
 
8+(-7)=1 & 15\star _{K_4}17=2\\
 
(-8)+(-7)=-15 & 16\star _{K_4}17=31\\
 
(-7)+(-7)=-14 & 17\star _{K_4}17=28\end{cases}$
 
  
that its group is:
+
'''Now''' regarding to the group $(\Bbb N,\star_T)$, I am planning an algebraic form of prime number theorem towards twin prime conjecture:
  
$\begin{cases}
 
m\star _{K_4}1=m\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6m-1)=1=(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6m-2)=(6m) \star _{K_4}(6m+1)\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-4)=6m+6n-9\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-3)=6m+6n-6\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n-3 & 6m-4\gt 6n-2\\
 
6n-6m+5 & 6n-2\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n & 6m-4\gt 6n-1\\
 
6n-6m+1 & 6n-1\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n-4\\
 
(6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n-4 & 6m-4\gt 6n+1\\
 
6n-6m+4 & 6n+1\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-3)=6m+6n-4\\
 
(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n & 6m-3\gt 6n-2\\
 
6n-6m+1 & 6n-2\gt 6m-3\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n+2 & 6m-3\gt 6n-1\\
 
6n-6m-2 & 6n-1\gt 6m-3\\
 
2 & m=n\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n-3\\
 
(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n-3 & 6m-3\gt 6n+1\\
 
6n-6m+5 & 6n+1\gt 6m-3\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=6m+6n-1\\
 
(6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=6m+6n-5\\
 
(6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n-2 & 6m-2\gt 6n\\
 
6n-6m+2 & 6n\gt 6m-2\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n-2\\
 
(6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=6m+6n-8\\
 
(6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n-1 & 6m-1\gt 6n\\
 
6n-6m+3 & 6n\gt 6m-1\end{cases}\\
 
(6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n-1\\
 
(6m) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n\\
 
(6m) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases}
 
6m-6n & 6m\gt 6n+1\\
 
6n-6m+1 & 6n+1\gt 6m\end{cases}\\
 
(6m+1) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n+1\end{cases}$
 
  
Each one group structure on $\Bbb N$ will show a new outlook to the numbers, $\Bbb N$ or $\Bbb Z$ (and consequently $\Bbb R)$ is an initial and basic truth but when another group on $\Bbb N$ is made indeed another copy of truth will be inserted and yield will be a better knowledge at numbers!
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Recall the statement of the prime number theorem: Let $x$ be a positive real number, and let $\pi(x)$ denote the number of primes that are less than or equal to $x$. Then the ratio $\pi(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}$ can be made arbitrarily close to $1$ by taking $x$ sufficiently large.
:'''Problem''' $2$: With [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics) matrix] theory each cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,•)$ that is made regarding above algorithm, but binary operation $$ can be rewritten by matrices!
 
  
 +
Question $4$: Suppose $\pi_1(x)$ is all prime numbers of the form $4k+1$ and less than $x$ and $\pi_2(x)$ is all prime numbers of the form $4k+3$ and less than $x$. Do $\lim_{x\to\infty}\pi_1(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}=0.5=\lim_{x\to\infty}\pi_2(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}\ ?$
 +
:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2769471/another-extension-of-prime-number-theorem/2769494#2769494 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/174927/milo-brandt $@$Milo Brandt] from stackexchange site: Basically, for any $k$, the primes are equally distributed across the congruence classes $\langle n\rangle$ mod $k$ where $n$ and $k$ are coprime.
 +
:This result is known as the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem#Prime_number_theorem_for_arithmetic_progressions Wikipedia] discusses it with a number of references and one can find a proof of it by Ivan Soprounov [http://academic.csuohio.edu/soprunov_i/pdf/primes.pdf here], which makes use of the Dirichlet theorem on arithmetic progressions (which just says that $\pi_1$ and $\pi_2$ are unbounded) to prove this stronger result.
  
By using [[User_talk:Musictheory2math#Polignac.27s_conjecture|theorem $1$]] of Polignac's conjecture we can define function $f:\{(c,d)\mid (c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\}\to\Bbb N$ that $f((c,d))$ is the least $n\in\Bbb N$ that $\exists t\in(c,d),\,\exists k\in\Bbb N$ that $p_n=t\cdot 10^{k+1}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime and $\forall m\ge f((c,d))\,\,\exists u\in (c,d)$ that $u\cdot 10^{m+1}\in\Bbb P$
 
  
 +
Question $5$: For each neutral infinite subset $A$ of $\Bbb N$, does exist a cyclic group like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ such that $A$ is a maximal subgroup of $\Bbb N$?
  
and $g:(0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\to\Bbb N,$ is a function by $\forall\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))$ $g(\epsilon)=max(\{f((c,d))\mid d-c=\epsilon,$ $(c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\})$.
+
Question $6$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ is a cyclic group and $n\in\Bbb N$ and $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ is a non-trivial subgroup of $\Bbb N$ then does exist another cyclic group $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ such that $\prod _{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star_2a_2\star_2a_3\star_2...=n$?
  
'''Guess''' $9$: $g$ isn't an injective function.
+
Question $7$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group and $n\in\Bbb N$ then does exist a non-trivial subset $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ of $\Bbb P$ with $\#(\Bbb P\setminus A)=\aleph_0$ and $\prod _{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star a_2\star a_3\star...=n$?
  
 +
Question $8$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ and $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ are cyclic groups and $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ is a non-trivial subgroup of $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ and $B=A\cap\Bbb P$ then does $\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star_2a_2\star_2a_3\star_2...\in\Bbb N$?
  
Question $3$: Assuming guess $9$ let $[a,a]:=\{a\}$ and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, h_n$ is the least subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $[a,b]$ in terms of size of $b-a$ such that $\{\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\mid g(\epsilon)=n\}\subsetneq h_n$ and obviously $g(a)=n=g(b)$ now the question is $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N$ that $m\neq n$ is $h_n\cap h_m=\emptyset$?
 
:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2518063/a-medium-question-about-a-set-related-to-prime-numbers/2526481#2526481 Guidance] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/276986/reuns @reuns] from stackexchange.com:
 
:* For $n \in \mathbb{N}$ then $r(n) = 10^{-\lceil \log_{10}(n) \rceil} n$, ie. $r(19) = 0.19$. We look at the image by $r$ of the primes $\mathbb{P}$.
 
  
:* Let $F((c,d)) = \min \{ p \in \mathbb{P}, r(p) \in (c,d)\}$ and $f((c,d)) = \pi(F(c,d))= \min \{ n, r(p_n) \in (c,d)\}$   ($\pi$ is the prime counting function)
+
'''Theorem''' $3$: $U:=\{{r(p)-r(q)\over r(s)-r(t)}\mid p,q,s,t\in\Bbb P,\,s\neq t\}$ is dense in $\Bbb R$.
 +
:Proof given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/28111/noah-schweber $@$NoahSchweber] from stackexchange site: for any real number $x$ we can by the density of the image of $r$ in $[0.1,1]$ find primes $p,q,s,t$ such that $r(p)−r(q)$ is very close to $x\over n$ and $r(s)−r(t)$ is very close to $1\over n$ for some large integer $n$.
 +
:'''Question''' $9$: Does $T:=U\cap\Bbb P$ have infinitely many primes?
 +
:'''Question''' $10$: Is the set $V:=\{p+2q\mid p,q\in\Bbb P,\,p+2q\in T\}$ infinite?
  
:* If you set $g(\epsilon) = \max_a \{ f((a,a+\epsilon))\}$ then try seing how $g(\epsilon)$ is constant on some intervals defined in term of the prime gap $g(p) = -p+\min \{ q \in \mathbb{P}, q > p\}$  and things like $ \max \{  g(p), p > 10^i, p+g(p) < 10^{i+1}\}$
 
  
 +
'''Guess''' $1$: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ assume $p_n,q_n\in\Bbb P$ such that there is no prime number in these intervals $(p_n,m\times10^n),(m\times10^n,q_n)$ then $\lim_{n\to\infty}{q_n\over p_n}=1$.
 +
:[https://mathoverflow.net/questions/310201/a-question-relating-to-the-prime-gaps/310223#310223 Answer] given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/3402/gerhard-paseman $@$GerhardPaseman] from stackexchange site: It turns out that $1$) explicitly for all numbers $M$ greater than $30$, there are at least two primes in $(5M/6,6M/5)$, one bigger than $M$ and one smaller than $M$, and $2$) there is $N$ large enough that for $M$ bigger than $N$ there are more than two primes in $(M,M+M^{\alpha})$, where you can pick $\alpha$ a real number larger than $0.525$. So it is like the values $p_n$ and $q_n$ will be at most a little more than $\sqrt{q_n}$ apart, which means the limit of the ratio as $n$ increases will be $1$. You can also try this with estimates from Chebyshev (before PNT) to reach the same conclusion, but it will be less obvious.
 +
::but could we replace another natural number rather than $10$ as $m\times d^n$? Yes, you can. The answer is essentially the same: the ratio as $n$ grows will eventually tend to $1$.
 +
:::'''Problem''' $1$: For each infinite strictly increasing subsequence of $\Bbb N$ like $\{a_n\}$ assume $\{p_n\}$ & $\{q_n\}$ are infinite strictly increasing subsequences of $\Bbb P$ such that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,p_n$ is largest prime less than $a_n$ & $q_n$ is smallest prime greater than $a_n$ then discuss on the limit below: $$\lim_{n\to\infty}{q_n\over p_n}\,.$$
  
'''Now I want define a group on $L$ like $(L,\star _L)$:'''
 
  
Let $P_1=\{v_n\mid\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, v_n$ is $(n+1)$_th prime$\}$ and $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N,\, v_n\star _3 v_m=v_{n\star m}$ & $e=3$, obviously $(P_1,\star _3)$ is a group and $\langle 5\rangle =(P_1,\star _3)\cong (\Bbb Z,+)$.
+
There is an especial (not necessarily unique), infinite and proper subsequence in prime numbers that gives the map of all prime numbers.
  
Let $\forall a\in\bigcup _{j\in\Bbb N} r_j(\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}),\, f:\bigcup _{j\in\Bbb N} r_j(\Bbb P\setminus\{2\})\to\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ be a function that $\exists k\in\Bbb N,$ $f(a)=a\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$.
+
Alireza Badali 12:34, 28 April 2018 (CEST)
  
'''Problem''' $3$: Let  $e=(0.03,0.03)$ and $\forall (a,b),(c,d)\in L,$ $$(a,b)\star _L (c,d)=10^{-\varphi ((f(a)\star _3f(c),f(b)\star _3f(d)))}\cdot (10^{-t_1(\alpha)}\cdot [f(a)\star _3f(c)],10^{-t_2(\alpha)}\cdot [f(b)\star _3f(d)])$$ that $\alpha=((a,b),(c,d)),$ where $t_1,t_2:L\times L\to\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ are functions such that $\forall\alpha\in L\times L$ at least one of $t_1(\alpha),t_2(\alpha)$ should be $0$ so find functions $t_1,t_2$ such that $(L,\star _L)$ be a group (an Abelian group), though I guess $(L,\star _L)$ is non finitely generated Abelian group and even possibly isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$ or $\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Q$ that $(\Bbb Z,+)$ is usual group.
+
== Some dissimilar conjectures ==
:Of course we could write each another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and consequently on $P_1$ regarding above algorithm.
 
:And if under Euclidean topology (or another appropriate topology) this group $(L,\star _L)$ be a topological group it is very well, otherwise we can replace another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and then on $P_1$ and consequently on $L$.
 
  
 +
'''Algebraic analytical number theory'''
  
Suppose $B=(S_1\times S_1)\cap\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\le x+y\lt 0.1\}$ & $D=B\setminus (L\cup\{(a,b)\in B\mid 2\neq f(a)=10^k\cdot a,$ $2=f(b)=10^t\cdot b,\, t\gt k,\, t,k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(a,b)\in B\mid 2=f(a)=10^k\cdot a,$ $2\neq f(b)=10^t\cdot b,\, t\lt k,$ $t,k\in\Bbb N\})$ & $N_2=\{f(a)+f(b)\mid (a,b)\in L\}$ & $N_1=\{a_1+10^t\cdot b_1\mid t=max($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b))-min($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b)),\,a_1=max(f(a),f(b)),$ $b_1=min(f(a),f(b)),\, (a,b)\in D\}$.
+
Alireza Badali 16:51, 4 July 2018 (CEST)
  
'''Guess''' $10$: $\{2n-1\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus N_1$ is a finite set.
+
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture Collatz conjecture] ===
:In other words, $\{2n-1\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus (\{p+10^k\cdot q\mid p,q\in\Bbb P,\, p\gt 2,\, k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{p+2\mid p\in\Bbb P,\, p\gt 2\})$ is a finite set.
 
:Of course the Goldbach's conjecture is the same $N_2=\{2n\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$.
 
  
Obviously $B$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\mid 0\le x,\, 0\le y,\, 0.01\le x+y\le 0.1\}$ and now I want define a group on $B$ like $(B,\star _B)$, though I guess this group will be non finitely generated Abelian group and even may be isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$ or $\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Q$ that $(\Bbb Z,+)$ is usual group, ...
+
The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics that concerns a sequence defined as follows: start with any positive integer $n$. Then each term is obtained from the previous term as follows: if the previous term is even, the next term is one half the previous term. Otherwise, the next term is $3$ times the previous term plus $1$. The conjecture is that no matter what value of $n$, the sequence will always reach $1$. The conjecture is named after German mathematician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Collatz Lothar Collatz], who introduced the idea in $1937$, two years after receiving his doctorate. It is also known as the $3n + 1$ conjecture.
  
  
'''Question''' $4$: $\forall k\in\Bbb N$ are there $q_1,q_2\in P_1$ with $q_1,q_2\lt 4k+1$ such that $p_{4k+1}=p_{q_1}\star _3p_{q_2}$ and $p_{q_1},p_{q_2}\in P_1?$
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'''Theorem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_{\Bbb N})$ is a cyclic group with $e_{\Bbb N}=1$ & $\langle m_1\rangle=\langle m_2\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star_{\Bbb N})$ and $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a bijection such that $f(1)=1$ then $(\Bbb N,\star _f)$ is a cyclic group with: $e_f=1$ & $\langle f(m_1)\rangle=\langle f(m_2)\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star_f)$ & $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $f(m)\star _ff(n)=f(m\star_{\Bbb N}n)$ & $(f(n))^{-1}=f(n^{-1})$ that $n\star_{\Bbb N}n^{-1}=1$.
  
'''Conjecture''' $3$: Under $(P_1,\star_3),\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists s_1,s_2\in P_1$ such that $v_{2n+3}=v_{s_1}\star _3v_{s_2}$.
 
:According to equivalency of these three $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆)$ & $(P_1,⋆_3)$ from aspect of being group, this conjecture is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
 
:We can pay attention to subgroups as $\langle v_{s_1}⋆_3v_{s_2}\rangle$ as a solution for Goldbach also we can use quotient groups $P_1/ \langle v_s\rangle$.
 
:There exists an one-to-one correspondence between equations in $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆)$ & $(P_1,⋆_3)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆_{K_4})$ and prime numbers properties exist in those groups although other sequences may have the same structures but prime numbers structures are specific because the own prime numbers are specific.
 
:There doesn't exist another way to define another cyclic group structure on $\Bbb P$ or $P_1$ for using strength of finite groups or infinite groups unless we knew the formula of prime numbers and on the other hand we can't know the formula before than knowing Goldbach and Polignac conjecture.
 
  
Question $5$: Is there any subgroup of $P_1$ like $H$ such that $\forall v_s\in H,\, s\notin P_1$?
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I want make a group in accordance with [https://www.jasondavies.com/collatz-graph/ Collatz graph] but [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/334732/robert-frost $@$RobertFrost] from stackexchange site advised me in addition, it needs to be a torsion group because then it can be used to show convergence, meantime I like apply lines in the Euclidean plane $\Bbb R^2$ too.
:I want connect subgroups of $P_1$ with Goldbach's conjecture.
 
  
  
Question $6$: What is function of this sequence in $\Bbb N\times\Bbb N$: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),(2,2k-3),...$ $,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),...,(k,k),...$ $,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$
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<small>Question $1$: What is function of this sequence on to natural numbers? $1,2,4,3,6,5,10,7,14,8,16,9,18,11,22,12,24,13,26,15,30,17,34,19,38,20,40,21,42,23,46,25,50,...$ such that we begin from $1$ and then write $2$ then $2\times2$ then $3$ then $2\times3$ then ... but if $n$ is even and previously we have written $0.5n$ and then $n$ then ignore $n$ and continue and write $n+1$ and then $2n+2$ and so on for example we have $1,2,4,3,6,5,10$ so after $10$ we should write $7,14,...$ because previously we have written $3,6$.
:Answer given by Professor [http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=90761 Daniel Lazard]:
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:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2779491/what-is-function-of-this-sequence-on-to-natural-numbers/2779815#2779815 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/16397/r-e-s $@$r.e.s] from stackexchange site: Following is a definition of your sequence without using recursion.
:$\begin{cases}
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:Let $S=(S_0,S_1,S_2,\ldots)$ be the increasing sequence of positive integers that are expressible as either $2^e$ or as $o_1\cdot 2^{o_2}$, where $e$ is an even nonnegative integer, $o_1>1$ is an odd positive integer and $o_2$ is an odd positive integer. Thus $$S=(1, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 30, 34, 38, 40,42,\ldots).$$ Let $\bar{S}$ be the complement of $S$ with respect to the positive integers; i.e., $$\bar{S}=(2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25,\ldots).$$ Your sequence is then $T=(T_0,T_1,T_2,\ldots)$, where
(a_1,b_1)=(1,1)\\
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$$T_n:=\begin{cases}S_{n\over 2}&\text{ if $n$ is even}\\
(a_{n+1},b_{n+1})=\begin{cases}
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\bar{S}_{n-1\over 2}&\text{ if $n$ is odd.}
(1,a_n+1) & b_n=1\\
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\end{cases}
(a_n+1,b_n-1) & \text{else}\end{cases}\end{cases}$
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$$
:Question: What is function of this sequence: $2,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,...,k,k,k,...,k,...$ that <math>k</math> repeats <math>k-1</math> times.
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:Thus $T=(1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 10, 7, 14, 8, 16, 9, 18, 11, 22, 12, 24, 13, 26, 15, 30, 17, 34, 19, 38, 20, \ldots).$
::Answer given by Professor Daniel Lazard: Your sequence is clearly a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_recursive_function primitive recursive function]. On the other hand, I guess that, from your point of view, the best answer for your question is: $f(n)=k,$ where $k$ is the smallest integer such that <math>k(k-1)/2 \ge n</math>. This may be rewritten, using the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceil_function ceil function], <math>f(n)=\left \lceil \frac{1+\sqrt{1+8n}}{2}\right\rceil. </math> IMO, none of these formulas is useful, as they hide the main properties of the sequence.
 
::Problem $4$: Find a bijection <math>g:\Bbb N\times(\Bbb N\setminus\{1\})\to\Bbb N\times\Bbb N</math> as <math>g(n,f(n))</math> equal to function of the sequence: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),$ $(2,2k-3),...,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),$ $...,(k-1,k+1),(k,k),(k+1,k-1),... ,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$
 
:::Question: To define an Abelian group structure on $\Bbb N$ that is not a finitely generated Abelian group and is isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$, I need to know what is function of a subsequence of $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),$ $(2,2k-3),...,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),$ $...,(k-1,k+1),(k,k),(k+1,k-1),... ,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$ such that $(u,v)$ is belong to this subsequence iff gcd$(u,v)=1$ as: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(1,5),(5,1),(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),$ $(5,2),(6,1),(1,7),(3,5),(5,3),(7,1),...$
 
::::<s>Unlikely hypothesis: Using homotopy theory if a group on $\Bbb N$ isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ be defined then conjecture $1$ will be proved simpler and easier!</s>
 
  
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----------------------------
  
A conjecture equivalent to Goldbach's weak conjecture: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, \exists p,q,r\in\Bbb P,$ $\quad 2n+7=\begin{cases}
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:References:
4\star p+8 & \text{or}\\
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:Sequences $S,\bar{S},T$ are OEIS [http://oeis.org/A171945 A171945], [http://oeis.org/A053661 A053661], [http://oeis.org/A034701 A034701] respectively. These are all discussed in ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012365X11001427 The vile, dopey, evil and odious game players]''.
p\star q\star r+2\end{cases}$
 
  
'''Conjecture''' $4$: Under $(\Bbb N,\star),\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\quad 2n+3=p\star q$.
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--------------------------
:This conjecture is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
 
:We have: $\langle p\star q\rangle=\{1\}\cup\{n\cdot (p+q-2)+1\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{n\cdot (p+q-2)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$
 
:Question $7$: $\forall m\in\Bbb N$ do $\exists p,q\in\Bbb P,\,\exists n,k\in\Bbb N$ such that $2m+3\neq p\star q$ and $(2m+3)^n=(p\star q)^k$ or that $2n(m+1)=k(p+q-2)$?
 
:Clearly $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb Z,\,\, f(1)=0,\, f(2n)=n,\, f(2n+1)=-n,$ is an isomorphism and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\langle n\rangle\cong\langle f(n)\rangle$ & $\Bbb N/ \langle n\rangle\cong\Bbb Z / \langle f(n)\rangle$.
 
  
 +
:Sage code:
 +
    def is_in_S(n): return ( (n.valuation(2) % 2 == 0) and (n.is_power_of(2))  ) or ( (n.valuation(2) % 2 == 1) and not(n.is_power_of(2))  )
 +
    S = [n for n in [1..50] if is_in_S(n)]
 +
    S_ = [n for n in [1..50] if not is_in_S(n)]
 +
    T = []
 +
    for i in range(max(len(S),len(S_))):
 +
        if i % 2 == 0: T += [S[i/2]]
 +
        else: T += [S_[(i-1)/2]]
 +
    print S
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    print S_
 +
    print T
  
And $(\Bbb N,\star)$ can be defined with: $\begin{cases} 2\star 3=1,\quad 2^n=2n,\quad 3^n=2n+1\\ 2^n\star 2^m=2^{n+m},\quad 3^n\star 3^m=3^{n+m}\\ 2^n\star 3^m=\begin{cases} 2^{n-m} & 2^n\gt 3^m\\ 3^{m-n} & 3^m\gt 2^n\end{cases}\end{cases}$
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    [1, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 30, 34, 38, 40, 42, 46, 50]
:We have $\langle 2^n\rangle=\langle 3^n\rangle=\{1\}\cup\{2^{nk}\mid k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{3^{nk}\mid k\in\Bbb N\}$.
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    [2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49]
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    [1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 10, 7, 14, 8, 16, 9, 18, 11, 22, 12, 24, 13, 26, 15, 30, 17, 34, 19, 38, 20, 40, 21, 42, 23, 46, 25, 50]</small>
  
Suppose $t:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence with $n\mapsto t(n)$ such that $3^{t(n)}\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ so codomain of $t$ is $T:=\{1,2,3,5,6,8,9,11,14,15,18,20,21,23,26,29,30,33,35,36,39,41,44,48,50,51,53,54,...\}$.
 
  
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<small>'''Theorem''' $2$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ & $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ are cyclic groups with generators respectively $u_1$ & $v_1$ and $u_2$ & $v_2$ then $C_1=\{(m,2m)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_1}=(1,2)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(m,2m)\star_{C_1}(n,2n)=(m\star_1n,2(m\star_1n))\\ (m,2m)^{-1}=(m^{-1},2\times m^{-1})\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star_1m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_1=\langle(u_1,2u_1)\rangle=\langle(v_1,2v_1)\rangle\end{cases}$ and $C_2=\{(3m-1,2m-1)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_2}=(2,1)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(3m-1,2m-1)\star_{C_2}(3n-1,2n-1)=(3(m\star_2n)-1,2(m\star_2n)-1)\\ (3m-1,2m-1)^{-1}=(3\times m^{-1}-1,2\times m^{-1}-1)\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star_2 m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_2=\langle(3u_2-1,2u_2-1)\rangle=\langle(3v_2-1,2v_2-1)\rangle\end{cases}$•
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:And let $C:=C_1\oplus C_2$ be external direct sum of the groups $C_1$ & $C_2$. '''Problem''' $1$: What are maximal subgroups of $C$?</small>
  
'''Theorem''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists k\in\Bbb N\setminus\{1\},\,\exists p_1,p_2,p_3,...,p_k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $2n+3=p_1\star p_2\star p_3...\star p_k$.
 
:Proof by induction axiom and that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,$ such that $2n+3=3^m$ and of course each odd prime number is to form of $3^m$ as $5=3^2,7=3^3,11=3^5,13=3^6,17=3^8,19=3^9,...$ too.
 
:I think there exists a minimum value of $k$ that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ holds this equation $2n+3=p_1\star p_2\star p_3...\star p_k$, so find this $k$.
 
  
'''Guess''' $11$: $\forall p_1,p_2,p_3\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\},\,\exists q_1,q_2\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $p_1\star p_2\star p_3=q_1\star q_2$.
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'''Theorem''' $3$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with generators $u,v$ and identity element $e=1$ and $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb R$ is an injection then $(f(\Bbb N),\star_f)$ is a cyclic group with generators $f(u),f(v)$ and identity element $e_f=f(1)$ and operation law: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $f(m)\star_ff(n)=f(m\star n)$ and inverse law: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $(f(n))^{-1}=f(n^{-1})$ that $n\star n^{-1}=1$.
:Problem $5$: Make another definition of prime numbers embedded into $(\Bbb N,\star)$ and free of normal definition of prime numbers in $(\Bbb Z,+)$.
 
::Regarding to the $\Bbb N/ \langle n\rangle\cong\Bbb Z / \langle f(n)\rangle$, a new definition of prime numbers will be obtained and we will approach to this guess $10$ (or in fact to the Goldbach), but should be noted the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation linear] equation $2n=p+q$ or $2n+3=p\star q$ with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial degree] one won't be proved only by group theory and indeed we need to prime numbers properties that is in prime number theorem as a logarithm function that is used in proof of the Main theorem, so finally Goldbach conjecture will be proved through conjecture $1$ and for conjecture $1$ I offer homotopy groups, but Goldbach is the key of whole mathematics because with Goldbach and Polignac and some other conjectures, prime numbers will be recognized and then some new numbers except algebraic numbers with cardinal $\aleph _0$ will be discovered and consequently whole mathematics and mathematical logic will be improved widely hence this German great mathematician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Goldbach Christian Goldbach]'s conjecture will impress mathematics certainly!
 
  
  
'''Problem''' $6$: Rewrite operation of the group $(\Bbb N,\star)$ by matrices.
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<small>'''Suppose''' $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\qquad$ $\begin{cases} m\star 1=m\\ (4m)\star (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star (4m-1)\\ (4m-2)\star (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-2)\star (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\ (4m-2)\star (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m-2)\star (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m)\star (4n)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m)\star (4n+1)=4m+4n\\ (4m+1)\star  (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\\ \Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle=\langle 4\rangle\end{cases}$
  
 +
and let $C_1=\{(m,2m)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_1}=(1,2)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(m,2m)\star_{C_1}(n,2n)=(m\star n,2(m\star n))\\ (m,2m)^{-1}=(m^{-1},2\times m^{-1})\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_1=\langle(2,4)\rangle=\langle(4,8)\rangle\end{cases}$
  
'''Conjecture''' $5$: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists (a,b)\in\{(x,y)\mid x,y\in S_1,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,\, x\cdot 10^m,y\cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\},$ $y\le x\lt 0.1,$ $0.01\le x\},$ $\exists (c,0)\in\{(-x,0)\mid x\in\{10^{-n}\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\}$ such that $c=-10^{-k}$ & $2n+3=10^k\cdot (a+b+c)$ & $10^k\cdot a,10^k\cdot b\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ & $k$ is the number of digits in $2n+3$.
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and $C_2=\{(3m-1,2m-1)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_2}=(2,1)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\, (3m-1,2m-1)\star_{C_2}(3n-1,2n-1)=(3(m\star n)-1,2(m\star n)-1)\\ (3m-1,2m-1)^{-1}=(3\times m^{-1}-1,2\times m^{-1}-1)\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_2=\langle(5,3)\rangle=\langle(11,7)\rangle\end{cases}$.
:This conjecture was made compatible with group $(\Bbb N,\star)$ and is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
 
  
 +
and let $C:=C_1\oplus C_2$ be external direct sum of the groups $C_1$ & $C_2$, '''Question''' $2$: What are maximal subgroups of $C$?</small>
  
Let $L_3=\{(a,b)\mid a,b\in S_1,\, a,b\in\{(x,y)\mid 0\lt x\lt 0.1,\, 0\lt y\lt 0.1\}\setminus\{(x,y)\mid x\lt 0.01,\, y\lt 0.01\},$ $\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, a\cdot 10^k,b\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$.
 
  
 +
<small>'''Question''' $3$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with generators $u,v$ & identity element $1$ then could $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ be another cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\\ e=1\\ m\star_1n=(2m)\star(2n) & \text{if } m,n\text{ aren't of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ (6m+4)\star_1n=(2m+1)\star(2n) & \text{if } n\text{ isn't of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ (6m+4)\star_1(6n+4)=(2m+1)\star(2n+1)\\ n^{-1}=k & \text{if } n\text{ isn't of the form } 6t+4,\,t\in\Bbb N,\,k\star(2n)^{-1}=1\\ (6m+4)^{-1}=k & k\star(2m+1)^{-1}=1\\ \Bbb N=\langle u_1\rangle=\langle v_1\rangle & \begin{cases} u_1=\begin{cases} 2k+1 & \text{if } u\text{ is of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ 2u & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}\\ v_1=\begin{cases} 2k+1 & \text{if } v\text{ is of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ 2v & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}\end{cases}\end{cases}$ ? maybe.</small>
  
'''Problem''' $7$: Let $e=(0.03,0.03)$ & $\forall (a,b),(c,d)\in L_3,\, m=1+max($number of digits in $f(a)\star _3f(c),$ number of digits in $f(b)\star _3f(d)),$ $$(a,b)\star _{L_3} (c,d)=10^{-m}\cdot (10^{-u_1(\alpha)}\cdot [f(a)\star _3f(c)],10^{-u_2(\alpha)}\cdot [f(b)\star _3f(d)])$$ that $\alpha=((a,b),(c,d))$ where $u_1,u_2:L_3\times L_3\to\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ are functions such that $\forall\alpha\in L_3\times L_3$ at least one of $u_1(\alpha),u_2(\alpha)$ should be $0$ so find functions $u_1,u_2$ such that $(L_3,\star _{L_3})$ be a group (an Abelian group), though I guess $(L_3,\star _{L_3})$ is non finitely generated Abelian group and possibly isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$ or $\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Q$ that $(\Bbb Z,+)$ is usual group.
 
:Of course we could write each another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and consequently on $P_1$ regarding above algorithm.
 
:And if under Euclidean topology (or another appropriate topology) this group $(L_3,\star _{L_3})$ be a topological group it is very well, otherwise we can replace another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and then on $P_1$ and consequently on $L_3$.
 
  
 +
Question $4$: Has any relation on the Collatz tree been discovered other than its definitions? In order to define a group structure on the [https://www.jasondavies.com/collatz-graph/ Collatz tree] I need such relations but other than its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture definitions], please introduce them (ideally suited a relation could be equivalent to its definition) if exist. if such a relation there was then via a group on $\Bbb N$, we could define a group on the Collatz tree.
  
Suppose $\forall k\in\Bbb N,\, w_k:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, w_k(n)=r_{k-1}(n)$.
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Alireza Badali 10:02, 12 May 2018 (CEST)
  
'''Theorem''' $5$: Let $e=0.2$  & $\forall w_m(p),w_n(q)\in S_1,\, w_m(p)\star _{S_1} w_n(q)=w_{m\star n} (p\star _1 q)$ that $p,q\in\Bbb P,$ $m,n\in\Bbb N$ & $(w_m(p))^{-1}=w_{m^{-1}}(p^{-1})$ that $m\star m^{-1}=1,\, p\star _1 p^{-1}=2$ now $(S_1,\star _{S_1})$ is an Abelian group, of course using above algorithm to generate cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$, we can impose another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and consequently on $P_1$ but eventually $S_1$ with an operation analogous above operation $\star _{S_1}$ will be an Abelian group.
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Straus_conjecture Erdős–Straus conjecture] ===
:Question $8$: Is $S_1$ with each group structure, non finitely generated Abelian group and possibly isomorph to $\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Q$ that $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb Q,+)$ are usual groups? and under which topology $S_1$ will be a topological group?
 
  
'''Theorem''' $6$: Let $e=(0.2,0.2)$ & $\forall (w_{m_1}(p_1),w_{m_2}(p_2)),(w_{n_1}(q_1),w_{n_2}(q_2))\in S_1\times S_1,$ $$(w_{m_1}(p_1),w_{m_2}(p_2))\star _{S_1\times S_1} (w_{n_1}(q_1),w_{n_2}(q_2))=(w_{m_1\star n_1} (p_1\star _1 q_1),w_{m_2\star n_2}(p_2\star _1 q_2))$$ that $m_1,n_1,m_2,n_2\in\Bbb N,\, p_1,p_2,q_1,q_2\in\Bbb P$ & $(w_m(p),w_n(q))^{-1}=(w_{m^{-1}}(p^{-1}),w_{n^{-1}}(q^{-1}))$ that $m\star m^{-1}=1=n\star n^{-1}$, $p\star _1p^{-1}=2=q\star _1q^{-1}$ now $(S_1\times S_1,\star _{S_1\times S_1})$ is an Abelian group, of course using above algorithm to generate cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$, we can impose another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and consequently on $P_1$ but eventually $S_1\times S_1$ with an operation analogous above operation $\star _{S_1\times S_1}$ will be an Abelian group.
+
'''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ and generators $a,b$ then $E=\{({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},{-4\over n+1},n)\mid x,y,z,n\in\Bbb N\}$ is an Abelian group with: $\forall x,y,z,n,x_1,y_1,z_1,n_1\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_E=(1,1,1,-2,1)=({1\over 1},{1\over 1},{1\over 1},{-4\over 1+1},1)\\ \\({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},{-4\over n+1},n)^{-1}=({1\over x^{-1}},{1\over y^{-1}},{1\over z^{-1}},\frac{-4}{n^{-1}+1},n^{-1})\quad\text{that}\\ x\star x^{-1}=1=y\star y^{-1}=z\star z^{-1}=n\star n^{-1}\\ \\({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},\frac{-4}{n+1},n)\star_E({1\over x_1},{1\over y_1},{1\over z_1},\frac{-4}{n_1+1},n_1)=(\frac{1}{x\star x_1},\frac{1}{y\star y_1},\frac{1}{z\star z_1},\frac{-4}{n\star {n_1}+1},n\star n_1)\\ \\E=\langle({1\over a},1,1,-2,1),(1,{1\over a},1,-2,1),(1,1,{1\over a},-2,1),(1,1,1,\frac{-4}{a+1},1),(1,1,1,-2,a)\rangle=\\ \langle({1\over b},1,1,-2,1),(1,{1\over b},1,-2,1),(1,1,{1\over b},-2,1),(1,1,1,\frac{-4}{b+1},1),(1,1,1,-2,b)\rangle\end{cases}$
:Question $9$: Is $S_1\times S_1$ with each group structure, non finitely generated Abelian group and possibly isomorph to $\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Z\oplus\Bbb Q\oplus\Bbb Q$ that $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb Q,+)$ are usual groups? and under which topology $S_1\times S_1$ will be a topological group?
 
  
  
'''Conjecture''' $6$: $\forall n,k\in\Bbb N,\,\forall m\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ let $t=2^n\cdot 5^m\cdot (2k-1)$ that $t\ge 6,\, c=min(n,m),$ $A_m=\{(a,b)\mid a,b\in S_1,\, 10^{-m-2}\le a+b\lt 10^{-m-1}\},\, u$ is the number of digits in $t$ then $\exists (a,b)\in A_c$ such that $t=10^{u+c+1} (a+b),\, 10^{u+c+1}\cdot a,10^{u+c+1}\cdot b\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$.
+
Let $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\\Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle \end{cases}$
:This conjecture is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture, but prime numbers properties (that using Main theorem as density has been planned.) using topology should be discussed and group theory will be used for writing equations.
+
:Question: Is $E_0=\{({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},\frac{-4}{n+1},n)\mid x,y,z,n\in\Bbb N,\, {1\over x}+{1\over y}+{1\over z}-{4\over n+1}=0\}$ a subgroup of $E$?
:Indeed numbers properties or in principle prime numbers properties permeate to whole mathematical concepts and rules hence using algebraic structures that relate cardinal of a set with its members and also using topological theories that discuss on topological concepts and properties and own the number theory, we can solve linear problems like Goldbach at number theory!
 
  
 +
Alireza Badali 17:34, 25 May 2018 (CEST)
  
Question $10$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean.
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s_problems Landaus forth problem] ===
:If a topology based on density be made then we will be able to import prime numbers properties into a topology!
 
::Indeed since $S_1$ is dense in the $[0,1]$ so each topology on $(0,1)^n$ and $\Bbb R^n,\, n\in\Bbb N$ and also on $(0,1)\times (0,1)$ has prime numbers properties and consequently $\forall x\in\Bbb R^n,\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, x$ has a relation with prime numbers!
 
:of course this wordage isn't mathematically but I will write as topological!
 
  
 +
Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem: there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form $a^2+b^4$.
 +
:I want use this theorem for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s_problems Landaus forth problem] but prime numbers properties have been applied for Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem hence no need to prime number theorem or its other forms or extensions.
  
Theorem: Suppose $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, W_n:=\{(z_1+s_1,z_2+s_2,z_3+s_3,...,z_n+s_n)\mid \forall i=1,2,3,...,n,\, z_i\in\Bbb Z,$ $s_i\in S_1\}$ then $W_n$ is dense in the $\Bbb R^n$. (under Euclidean topology)
 
  
Guess $12$: Suppose $J_n=\{(s_1,s_2,s_3,...,s_n)\mid\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, s_i\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P,\,\forall i=1,2,3,...,n,\, s_i\in S_1\}$ & $I^n=[0,1]^n$ that of course $S_1^n$ is dense in the $I^n,$ now I guess that under Euclidean topology $\exists n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall k\ge n$ $dimension(closure(J_k))=1$.
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'''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ and generators $u,v$ then $F=\{(a^2,b^4)\mid a,b\in\Bbb N\}$ is a group with: $\forall a,b,c,d\in\Bbb N\,$ $\begin{cases} e_F=(1,1)\\ (a^2,b^4)\star_F(c^2,d^4)=((a\star c)^2,(b\star d)^4)\\ (a^2,b^4)^{-1}=((a^{-1})^2,(b^{-1})^4)\qquad\text{that}\quad a\star a^{-1}=1=b\star b^{-1}\\ F=\langle (1,u^4),(u^2,1)\rangle=\langle (1,v^4),(v^2,1)\rangle\end{cases}$
  
  
$r:\Bbb P\to S,\, p\mapsto r(p)$ is a bijection, under this bijection $\Bbb P$ & $S$ have the same order type, in other words $\lt _{\Bbb P}$ is an order relation on $\Bbb P$ iff $\lt _S$ be an order relation on $S$ such that $p\lt _{\Bbb P} q$ iff $r(p)\lt _S r(q)$.
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'''now''' let $H=\langle\{(a^2,b^4)\mid a,b\in\Bbb N,\,b\neq 1\}\rangle$ and $G=F/H$ is quotient group of $F$ by $H$. ($G$ is a group including prime numbers properties only of the form $1+n^2$.)
  
Question $11$: Are there any topology on $\Bbb P$ and on $S$ such that these two topological spaces be homeomorph? or that, under each topology is the space $[0.1,1]$ a separable space?
+
and also $L=\{1+n^2\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=2=1+1^2\\ (1+n^2)\star_L(1+m^2)=1+(n\star m)^2\\ (1+n^2)^{-1}=1+(n^{-1})^2\quad\text{that}\;n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle 1+u^2\rangle=\langle 1+v^2\rangle\end{cases}$
  
 +
but on the other hand we have: $L\simeq G$ hence we can apply $L$ instead $G$ of course since we are working on natural numbers generally we could consider from the beginning the group $L$ without involvement with the group $G$ anyhow.
 +
:Question $1$: For each neutral cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ then what are maximal subgroups of $L$?
  
Suppose $h:\Bbb P\to Power(\Bbb P),\, h(p)=\{q\mid \exists b_1b_2b_3...b_k\in\Bbb N,\,q=a_1a_2...a_nb_1b_2...b_k\in\Bbb P,$ $p=a_1a_2a_3...a_n\}$ that obviously $h$ is an injection.
 
  
Alireza Badali 22:21, 8 May 2017 (CEST)
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'''Guess''' $1$: For each cyclic group structure on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ then for each non-trivial subgroup of $\Bbb N$ like $T$ we have $T\cap\Bbb P\neq\emptyset$.
 +
:I think this guess must be proved via prime number theorem.
  
== Polignac's conjecture ==
 
  
In number theory, Polignac's conjecture was made by Alphonse de Polignac in 1849 and states: For any positive even number $n$, there are infinitely many prime gaps of size $n$. In other words: There are infinitely many cases of two consecutive prime numbers with difference $n$. (Tattersall, J.J. (2005), Elementary number theory in nine chapters, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 978-0-521-85014-8, p. 112) Although the conjecture has not yet been proven or disproven for any given value of n, in 2013 an important breakthrough was made by Zhang Yitang who proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n for some value of n < 70,000,000.(Zhang, Yitang (2014). "Bounded gaps between primes". Annals of Mathematics. 179 (3): 1121–1174. MR 3171761. Zbl 1290.11128. doi:10.4007/annals.2014.179.3.7. _  Klarreich, Erica (19 May 2013). "Unheralded Mathematician Bridges the Prime Gap". Simons Science News. Retrieved 21 May 2013.) Later that year, James Maynard announced a related breakthrough which proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of some size less than or equal to 600.(Augereau, Benjamin (15 January 2013). “An old mathematical puzzle soon to be unraveled? Phys.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.)
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'''For''' each neutral cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ if $L\cap\Bbb P=\{1+n_1^2,1+n_2^2,...,1+n_k^2\},\,k\in\Bbb N$ and if $A=\bigcap _{i=1}^k\langle 1+n_i^2\rangle$ so $\exists m\in\Bbb N$ that $A=\langle 1+m^2\rangle$ & $m\neq n_i$ for $i=1,2,3,...,k$ (intelligibly $k\gt1$) so we have: $A\cap\Bbb P=\emptyset$.
 +
:Question $2$: Is $A$ only unique greatest subgroup of $L$ such that $A\cap\Bbb P=\emptyset$?
  
Assuming Polignac's conjecture there isn't any rhythm for prime numbers and so there isn't any formula for prime numbers!
+
Alireza Badali 16:49, 28 May 2018 (CEST)
  
 +
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemoine%27s_conjecture Lemoine's conjecture] ===
  
Let $B=\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1\}$ & $C=(S_1\times S_1)\cap \{(x,x)\mid 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$ & $T=\{(a,b)\mid a,b \in S_1,\, 0.01 \lt b \lt a\lt 0.1,\, \exists m \in \Bbb N,\, a \cdot 10^m, b \cdot 10^m$ or $a\cdot 10^{m-1}, b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers$\}$ & $\forall n \in \Bbb N,\, J_n :=\{(a,b) \mid (a,b) \in T,\, \exists k \in \Bbb N, a-b=r_k (2n)\}$.
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'''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ then $L=\{(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)\mid n,n_1,n_2,n_3\in\Bbb N,\,p_{n_i}$ is $n_i$_th prime for $i=1,2,3\}$ is an Abelian group with: $\forall n_1,n_2,n_3,n,m_1,m_2,m_3,m\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=(2,2,2,-7)=(2,2,2,-2\times 1-5)\\ \\(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)\star_L(p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_3},-2m-5)=(p_{n_1\star m_1},p_{n_2\star m_2},p_{n_3\star m_3},-2\times(n\star m)-5)\\ \\(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)^{-1}=(p_{n_1^{-1}},p_{n^{-1}_2},p_{n_3^{-1}},-2\times n^{-1}-5)\quad\text{that}\\ n_1\star n_1^{-1}=1=n_2\star n_2^{-1}=n_3\star n_3^{-1}=n\star n^{-1}\\ \\L=\langle(p_u,2,2,-7),(2,p_u,2,-7),(2,2,p_u,-7),(2,2,2,-2u-5)\rangle=\\\langle(p_v,2,2,-7),(2,p_v,2,-7),(2,2,p_v,-7),(2,2,2,-2v-5)\rangle\end{cases}$
  
:Obviously $\bigcup _{n\in \Bbb N} J_n=T$ and Polignac's conjecture is equivalent to $\forall n \in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(J_n)=\aleph_0$.
 
  
 +
'''Theorem''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists (p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_3},-2n-5)\in(L,\star_L)$ such that $p_{m_1}+p_{m_2}+p_{m_3}-2n-5=0$.
 +
:Proof using Goldbach's weak conjecture.
  
'''Guess''' $1$: $\forall (a,a) \in C$ there are some sequences in $T$ like $\{a_n\}$ that $a_n\to (a,a)$ where $n\to \infty$ and there are some sequences in $T$ like $b_n$ that $b_n\to (0.1,0.01)$ where $n\to \infty$.
 
 
 
'''Guess''' $2$: $\exists N_1 \subseteq \Bbb N,\, \forall n\in N_1,$ cardinal$(J_n)=\aleph_0=$cardinal$(N_1)$
 
 
 
Obviously $\exists \epsilon,\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2 \in \Bbb R,\epsilon\gt 0, \epsilon_2\gt \epsilon_1\gt 0$ that $\forall (a,b) \in T \cap \{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x-y\lt \epsilon\}$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^m$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers, but $a\cdot 10^m$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are large natural numbers, and $\forall (a,b)\in T\cap$ $\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $0.11-\epsilon_1 \lt x+y\lt 0.11+\epsilon_1,$ $x-y\gt 0.09-\epsilon_2 \}$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^{m-1},b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers but $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are large natural numbers and $\forall (a,b)\in T\setminus (\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x-y\lt \epsilon\}$ $\cup$ $\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $0.11-\epsilon_1 \lt x+y\lt 0.11+\epsilon_1,\, x-y\gt 0.09-\epsilon_2 \})$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$ or $a\cdot 10^m$ & $b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers but $a\cdot 10^m$ or $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$ & $b\cdot 10^m$ aren't large natural numbers.
 
 
 
Theorem: $\forall c\in r_1(\Bbb P)$ cardinal$(T\cap \{(x,c)\mid x\in \Bbb R \})=1=$ cardinal$(T\cap \{(c,y)\mid y\in \Bbb R\})$
 
 
'''Guess''' $3$: $\forall k\in \Bbb N,$ $\forall c\in r_k (\Bbb N),\, c\lt 0.09$ then cardinal$(T\cap \{(x,y)\mid x-y=c\}) \in \Bbb N \cup \{0\}$.
 
 
 
'''Theorem''' $1$: For each subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $(a,b),\,\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $\forall k\in \Bbb N$ with $k\ge m$ then $\exists t\in (a,b)$ that $t\cdot 10^{k+1}\in \Bbb P$.
 
:[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2482941/a-simple-question-about-density-in-the-interval-0-1-1/2483079#2483079 Proof] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/149178/adayah @Adayah] from stackexchange.com: Without loss of generality (by passing to a smaller subinterval) we can assume that $(a, b) = \left( \frac{s}{10^r}, \frac{t}{10^r} \right)$, where $s, t, r$ are positive integers and $s < t$. Let $\alpha = \frac{t}{s}$.
 
 
:The statement is now equivalent to saying that there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $k \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ with $10^{k-r} \cdot s < p < 10^{k-r} \cdot t$.
 
 
:We will prove a stronger statement: there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $n \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p < \alpha \cdot n$. By taking a little smaller $\alpha$ we can relax the restriction to $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$.
 
 
:Now comes the prime number theorem: $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(n)}{\frac{n}{\log n}} = 1$$
 
 
:where $\pi(n) = \# \{ p \leqslant n : p$ is prime$\}.$ By the above we have $$\frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} \sim \frac{\frac{\alpha n}{\log(\alpha n)}}{\frac{n}{\log(n)}} = \alpha \cdot \frac{\log n}{\log(\alpha n)} \xrightarrow{n \to \infty} \alpha$$
 
  
:hence $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} = \alpha$. So there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\pi(\alpha n) > \pi(n)$ whenever $n \geqslant m$, which means there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$, and that is what we wanted.
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'''Question''': Is $L_0=\{(p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_2},-2n-5)\mid\forall m_1,m_2\in\Bbb N,\,\exists n\in\Bbb N,$ such that $p_{m_1}+2p_{m_2}-2n-5=0\}$ a subgroup of $L$?
::Clearly the [[User_talk:Musictheory2math#Goldbach.27s_conjecture|Main theorem]] of Goldbach's conjecture is a corollary of theorem $1$.
 
  
 +
Alireza Badali 19:30, 3 June 2018 (CEST)
  
Theorem: $\forall \epsilon_1,\epsilon_2$ that $0\lt \epsilon_1\lt \epsilon_2\lt 0.09$ then cardinal$(T\setminus \{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x-y\gt \epsilon_1\})$ $=$ cardinal$(T\setminus \{(x,y)\mid 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x-y\lt \epsilon_2\})=\aleph_0$.
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=== Primes with beatty sequences ===
:Proof: Be aware to number of digits in prime numbers corresponding to coordinates of each member in $T$.
 
:'''Guess''' $4$: cardinal$(\{(a,b)\mid (a,b)\in T,\, 0.01\lt b\lt a\lt 0.1,$ $\epsilon_1\lt a-b\lt \epsilon_2\})\in \Bbb N\cup \{0\}$
 
  
Alireza Badali 13:17, 21 August 2017 (CEST)
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How can we understand $\infty$? we humans only can think on natural numbers and other issues are only theorizing, algebraic theories can be some features for this aim.
  
== Landau's forth problem ==
 
  
Landau's forth problem: Are there infinitely many primes $p$ such that $p−1$ is a perfect square? In other words: Are there infinitely
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[http://oeis.org/A184774 Conjecture]: If $r$ is an irrational number and $1\lt r\lt 2$, then there are infinitely many primes in the set $L=\{\text{floor}(n\cdot r)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$.
many primes of the form $n^2 + 1$?
 
  
  
In analytic number theory the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem states that there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form ${\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{4}}$.
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'''Theorem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ and $r\in[1,2]\setminus\Bbb Q$ then $L=\{\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is another cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=1\\ \lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor\star_L\lfloor m\cdot r\rfloor=\lfloor (n\star m)\cdot r\rfloor\\ (\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor)^{-1}=\lfloor n^{-1}\cdot r\rfloor\qquad\text{that}\quad n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle\lfloor u\cdot r\rfloor\rangle=\langle\lfloor v\cdot r\rfloor\rangle\end{cases}$.
 +
:Guess $1$: $\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor=\lfloor 1\cdot r\rfloor\star\lfloor 2\cdot r\rfloor\star\lfloor 3\cdot r\rfloor\star...\in\Bbb N$.
  
  
Suppose $H=\{(a,b)\mid a\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{n^2\mid n\in\Bbb N\}),\, b\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{n^4\mid n\in\Bbb N\})$ & $\exists t\in\Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^t\in\{n^2\mid n\in\Bbb N\},$ $b\cdot 10^t\in\{n^4\mid n\in\Bbb N\},\, (a+b)\cdot 10^t\in\Bbb P\}$ and $H_1=\{(a,b)\in H\mid b\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{1\})\}$
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The conjecture generalized: if $r$ is a positive irrational number and $h$ is a real number, then each of the sets $\{\text{floor}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$, $\{\text{round}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$, and $\{\text{ceiling}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ contains infinitely many primes.
  
:Friedlander-Iwaniec theorem is the same cardinal$(H)=\aleph_0$
 
  
 +
'''Theorem''' $2$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ & $r$ is a positive irrational number & $h\in\Bbb R$ then $G=\{n\cdot r+h\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is another cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_G=\lfloor r+h\rfloor\\ \lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor\star_G\lfloor m\cdot r+h\rfloor=\lfloor (n\star m)\cdot r+h\rfloor\\ (\lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor)^{-1}=\lfloor n^{-1}\cdot r+h\rfloor\qquad\text{that}\quad n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle\lfloor u\cdot r+h\rfloor\rangle=\langle\lfloor v\cdot r+h\rfloor\rangle\end{cases}$.
 +
:Guess $2$: $\prod_{n=k}^{\infty}\lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor=\lfloor k\cdot r+h\rfloor\star\lfloor (k+1)\cdot r+h\rfloor\star\lfloor (k+2)\cdot r+h\rfloor\star...\in\Bbb N$ in which $\lfloor k\cdot r+h\rfloor\in\Bbb N$ & $\lfloor (k-1)\cdot r+h\rfloor\lt1$.
  
'''A question''': cardinal$(H_1)\in\Bbb N$ or cardinal$(H_1)=\aleph_0$?
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Alireza Badali 19:09, 7 June 2018 (CEST)
:This question is the same Landau's forth problem.
 
  
Alireza Badali 20:47, 21 September 2017 (CEST)
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== Conjectures depending on the new definitions of primes ==
  
== Grimm's conjecture ==
+
'''Algebraic analytical number theory'''
  
In mathematics, and in particular number theory, Grimm's conjecture (named after Karl Albert Grimm) states that to each element of a set of consecutive composite numbers one can assign a distinct prime that divides it. It was first published in American Mathematical Monthly, 76(1969) 1126-1128.
 
  
Formal statement: Suppose $n + 1, n + 2, …, n + k$ are all composite numbers, then there are $k$ distinct primes $p_i$ such that $p_i$ divides $n+i$ for $1 ≤ i ≤ k$.
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'''A problem''': For each cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ find a new definition of prime numbers matching with the operation $\star$ in the group $(\Bbb N,\star)$.
  
  
Let $C=\{(x,y)\mid 0.01\le x\lt 0.1,\, 0.01\le y\lt 0.1\}$
+
$\Bbb N$ is a cyclic group by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\ (\Bbb N,\star)=\langle2\rangle=\langle3\rangle\simeq(\Bbb Z,+)\end{cases}$
  
 +
in the group $(\Bbb Z,+)$ an element $p\gt 1$ is a prime iff don't exist $m,n\in\Bbb Z$ such that $p=m\times n$ & $m,n\gt1$ for instance since $12=4\times3=3+3+3+3$ then $12$ isn't a prime but $13$ is a prime, now inherently must exists an equivalent definition for prime numbers in the $(\Bbb N,\star)$.
  
'''A conjecture''': Suppose $n+1,n+2,n+3,...,n+k$ are all composite numbers then $\forall i=1,2,3,...,k$ $\exists (r_1(p_i),r_1(t_i))\in C$ that $p_i\in\Bbb P,$ $t_i\in\Bbb N$ & $\forall j=1,2,3,...,k$ that $i\neq j$ implies $p_i\neq p_j$ we have $r_1(p_i)\cdot r_1(t_i)=r_2(n+i)$ or $r_3(n+i)$.
+
prime number isn't an algebraic concept so we can not define primes by using isomorphism (and via algebraic equations primes can be defined) but since Gaussian integers contain all numbers of the form $m+ni,$ $m,n\in\Bbb N$ hence by using algebraic concepts we can solve some problems in number theory.
:This conjecture is an equivalent to Grimm's conjecture.
+
:Question: what is definition of prime numbers in the $(\Bbb N,\star)$?
  
  Alireza Badali 23:30, 20 September 2017 (CEST)
+
  Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST)
  
== Lemoine's conjecture ==
+
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_moat Gaussian moat problem] ===
  
In number theory, Lemoine's conjecture, named after Émile Lemoine, also known as Levy's conjecture, after Hyman Levy, states that all odd integers greater than $5$ can be represented as the sum of an odd prime number and an even semiprime.
 
  
Formal definition: To put it algebraically, $2n + 1 = p + 2q$ always has a solution in primes $p$ and $q$ (not necessarily distinct) for $n > 2$. The Lemoine conjecture is similar to but stronger than Goldbach's weak conjecture.
 
  
 +
Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST)
  
Theorem: $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $m=2n+5,\, \exists (a,b)\in\{(x,y)\mid 0\lt y\le x,\, x+y\lt 0.1,\, x,y\in S_1,\, \exists t\in\Bbb N,$ $x\cdot 10^t,y\cdot 10^t\in\Bbb P\},\,\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, \exists c\in r_k(\Bbb P)$ such that $a+b=r_1(m)-c$
+
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_conjecture Grimm's conjecture] ===
:In principle $(r_1(m),-c)\in \{(x,y)\mid -x\lt y\lt 0,\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$
 
:This theorem is an equivalent to Goldbach's weak conjecture.
 
  
  
'''A conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $m=2n+5,\, \exists k_1,k_2\in\Bbb N,\, \exists b\in r_{k_1}(\Bbb P)$ that $b\lt 0.05,\, \exists a\in r_{k_2}(\Bbb P)$ such that $2b=r_1(m)-a$
 
:In principle $(b,b)\in\{(x,x)\mid 0\lt x\lt 0.05\}$ & $(r_1(m),-a)\in\{(x,y)\mid -x\lt y\lt 0,\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$
 
:This conjecture is an equivalent to Lemoine's conjecture.
 
  
  Alireza Badali 00:30, 27 September 2017 (CEST)
+
  Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST)
  
== About analytic number theory ==
+
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppermann%27s_conjecture Oppermann's conjecture] ===
  
In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integers. It is often said to have begun with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's 1837 introduction of Dirichlet L-functions to give the first proof of Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. It is well known for its results on prime numbers (involving the Prime Number Theorem and Riemann zeta function) and additive number theory (such as the Goldbach conjecture and Waring's problem).
 
  
  
There is no $n$-variable polynomial, $n\in\Bbb N$ as a formula for prime numbers, because each formula or relation for prime numbers only there can be include all prime numbers together and simultaneous like Riemann zeta function!
+
Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST)
  
Primental (prime-transcendental) property: A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function continuous function] $f:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R,$ has primental property if $\exists z_1,z_2,t_1,t_2\in\Bbb Z,$ $\exists m\in\Bbb N,\,\forall n\ge m,\, f(z_1+n\cdot z_2)=t_1+p_n\cdot t_2$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime number and each function $f$ with this property is called a primental.
+
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s_conjecture Legendre's conjecture] ===
  
Question: Is there any primental that be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial polynomial] too?
 
:The answer is no, $f$ can't be a polynomial. Because the asymptotics of $p_n$ are $$p_n\sim n\log n $$ and if $f$ is a polynomial then $$f(z_1+n\cdot z_2)\sim C\cdot n^\alpha$$ where $C$ is some constant and $\alpha\in \mathbb{N}$.
 
:By transitivity you would have $$C\cdot n^\alpha\sim t_2 n\log n$$ which can't be true.
 
::There is no polynomial with integer coefficients that outputs only primes. However, there are multivariable polynomials whose integer positive values are exactly the prime numbers ([http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Prime-GeneratingPolynomial.html mathworld.wolfram.com/Prime-GeneratingPolynomial.html])
 
::For the exact same reason, multivariable functions satisfy this condition: $\exists z_i,s_i∈\Bbb Z$ for $i=1,2,3,...,k$ & $\exists z,s∈\Bbb Z$ & $\exists m∈\Bbb N,\,\forall n≥m$ $f(z_1+ns_1,z_2+ns_2,z_3+ns_3,...,z_k+ns_k)=z+p_ns$, can not be multivariable polynomials.
 
::Incidentally, it is known that there exists a polynomial $f(t_1,…,t_n,p)$ such that $p∈\Bbb Z$ is prime if and only if there exist $t_1,...,t_n∈\Bbb Z$ such that $f(t_1,…,t_n,p)=0$. (Though actually writing out such a polynomial f would likely be painful and result in a long expression.)
 
:This is a philosophy: this question is useful for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis Riemann hypothesis], because normal definition of prime numbers & prime numbers properties & distribution of prime numbers in $\Bbb N$ & prime number theorem & the set $S$ & density of $S$ in $[0.1,1]$ & distribution of $S$ in $[0.1,1]$ &[[User_talk:Musictheory2math#Polignac.27s_conjecture|theorem $1$]] of Polignac with [[User_talk:Musictheory2math#Goldbach.27s_conjecture|question $3$]] of Goldbach are equivalent all together! hence prime numbers properties are present in whole $\Bbb R^2$ (or $\Bbb R^n,\, n\in\Bbb N$) so they are present in each infinite subset of $\Bbb R^2$ but in curves located at $\Bbb R^2$ they are present in fraction of $y$-coordinate or ordinate by $x$-coordinate or abscissa or the same trigonometric functions, on the other hand differential of polynomials are again polynomials and we can with linear transformation move polynomials to each position in $\Bbb R^2$.
 
  
  
My thought line on the formula of prime numbers: According to important theorems in number theory and distribution of prime numbers I think there doesn't exist any polynomial <math>p:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R</math> include all such points <math>(n,p_n)</math> that <math>p_n</math> is <math>n</math>_th prime and with that in mind prime number theorem is obtained from normal definition of prime numbers in terms of natural numbers factorization to prime numbers that it is because of logarithm function is inverse of the function <math>f(a)=a^n</math> and finally primes formulas are as logarithmic functions or other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_function transcendental functions] but as an imagination there exists an special formula as an infinite series that generates primes simply: (I had asked a question that an user from stackexchange.com grammatical corrected it.)
+
Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST)
  
Let $$\omega _1=\color{red}{0}.\color{teal}{p_1}\color{purple}{p_2}\color{teal}{p_3}\dots =\color{red}{0}.\color{blue}{2}\color{fuchsia}{3}\color{blue}{5}\color{fuchsia}{7}\color{blue}{11}\color{fuchsia}{13}\color{blue}{17}\color{fuchsia}{19}\color{blue}{23}\color{fuchsia}{29}\color{blue}{31}\color{fuchsia}{37}\dots \color{blue}{7717}\color{fuchsia}{7723}\dots$$
+
== Conjectures depending on the ring theory ==
  
(i.e. the decimal part of $\omega _1$ is obtained by concatenating the prime numbers) and
+
'''Algebraic analytical number theory'''
$$\omega _2=\color{red}{0}.\color{blue}{2}0\color{fuchsia}{3}0\color{blue}{5}0\color{fuchsia}{7}0\color{blue}{11}00\color{fuchsia}{13}00\color{blue}{17}00\color{fuchsia}{19}00\color{blue}{23}00\color{fuchsia}{29}00\color{blue}{31}00\color{fuchsia}{37}00\dots\color{blue}{7717}0000\dots$$
 
  
(i.e. the decimal part of $\omega _2$ is obtained by concatenating the prime numbers, each of them followed by a number of copies of $0$ equal to the number of its digits in base $10$).
 
  
Questions:
+
'''An algorithm''' which makes new integral domains on $\Bbb N$: Let $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ be that integral domain then identity element $i$ will be corresponding with $1$ and multiplication of natural numbers will be obtained from multiplication of integers corresponding with natural numbers and of course each natural number like $m$ multiplied by a natural number corresponding with $-1$ will be $-m$ such that $m\star(-m)=1$ & $1\circ m=1$.
  
$1.$ Is $\omega _1$ or $\omega _2$ or another some similar number transcendental, and if yes is this a contradiction to the existence of a formula for prime numbers?
 
  
$2.$ For each sequence $a_n: \mathbb N \to \mathbb N$ is there any sequence like $b_n: \mathbb N \to \mathbb N$ such that the number $\theta :=0.a_10 \dots 0a_20 \dots 0a_30 \dots 0 \dots$ obtained by concatenating the numbers $a_n$, each of them followed by a number of copies of $0$ equal to $b_n$, is a transcendental number?
+
for instance $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\1\circ m=1\\ 2\circ m=m\\ 3\circ m=-m\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star (-m)=1\\ (2n)\circ(2m)=2mn\\ (2n+1)\circ(2m+1)=2mn\\ (2n)\circ(2m+1)=2mn+1\end{cases}$
:Indeed prime numbers are very analogous to the transcendental numbers or perhaps contrariwise transcendental numbers are very analogous to the prime numbers!
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:Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ an ''unique factorization domain'' or the same UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$?
  
  
<s>Let $a_n:\Bbb N\to\Bbb P\cup\{0\}$ be a sequence with $\#(a_n(\Bbb N))=\aleph _0$ now each number to form of $0.a_1a_2a_3...$ is called a Pen number.
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'''Question''' $2$: How can we make a UFD on $\Bbb N$?
:Guess: Each pen number is a transcendental number, and the set $[0,1]\setminus\{$pen numbers$\}$ is countable and the set pen numbers is dense in the $[0,1]$.</s>
 
This is a mathematical technique: Let $\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),$ that $a\neq b,\,A_{(a,b)}:=\{p\mid \exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),$ $p=t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb P\},$ $B_{(a,b)}:=\{n\mid \exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),\, n=t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb N,$ $t_2\cdot 10^{t_1-1}\notin\Bbb N\},$ $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $A_{(a,b),n}:=\{m\in A_{(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},$ $B_{(a,b),n}:=\{m\in B_{(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},$ $c_{(a,b),n}:=(\#B_{(a,b),n})^{-1}\cdot\#A_{(a,b),n}$ and $d_{(a,b),n}:=c_{(a,b),n}\cdot\log n,\, D_{(a,b)}=\lim_{n\to\infty} d_{(a,b),n}$.
 
:Guess: $\forall (a,b),(c,d)\subset [0.1,1),\,\lim _{n\to\infty} c_{(a,b),n}=0$ (or as equivalent $D_{(a,b)}\in\Bbb R_{\ge 0}$) & if $b-a\lt d-c$ then $\exists m\in\Bbb N,\,\forall n\ge m,$ $c_{(c,d),n}\lt c_{(a,b),n}$ (or as equivalent $d_{(c,d),n}\lt d_{(a,b),n}$) & if $b-a=d-c$ then $D_{(c,d)}=D_{(a,b)}$.
 
  
  
'''In analytic number theory''' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function Riemann zeta function] there is an important technique as <big>$\frac{1}{n}$</big>, inverse of  natural numbers but I want add another technique to this collection as putting a point at the beginning of natural numbers like $6484070\to 0.6484070$ so we will have a stronger theory.
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Question $3$: Under usual total order on $\Bbb N$, do there exist any integral domain $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb N\setminus\{1\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain? no.
  
 +
'''Guess''' $1$: For each integral domain $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ there exists a total order on $\Bbb N$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb N\setminus\{1\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain.
  
''Below functions $\mu _1,\mu _2,\mu _3,...,\mu _{16}$ haven't been reviewed and checked:''
 
  
Let $S=\{0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.11,...\}$ and $s_1=0.2,\, s_2=0.3,\, s_3=0.5,...$ that $s_k$ is $k$_th member in $S$, suppose $A_n=\{s_is_j\mid s_i,s_j\in \{s_1,s_2,s_3,...,s_n\},$ $s_i\neq s_j\}$ & $\mu _1:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _1(z)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}\sum _{a\in A_n} a^{-f(z)}$$
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Professor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lagarias Jeffrey Clark Lagarias] advised me that you can apply group structure on $\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ instead only $\Bbb N$ and now I see his plan is useful on the field theory, now suppose we apply two algorithms above on $\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ hence we will have identity element for the group $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star)$ of the first algorithm is $0$ corresponding with $0$.
 +
:'''Problem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is a UFD then what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ and is $(\Bbb Q^{\ge0},\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\ {m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={-m\over n}\qquad m\star(-m)=0\end{cases}$•
 +
::in addition under a total order relation, an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two natural numbers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division.
  
such that $f:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is an injective function that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall z\in\Bbb C,\, n^{f(z)}$ isn't a Gaussian integer, for example this function has been given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/30186/wojowu @Wojowu] from stackexchange.com: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad f(z)=\sqrt 2 +\frac{z}{N+|z|}$$ for large sufficiently $N\in\Bbb N$ of course $f$ maps $\Bbb C$ injectively into a disk around $\sqrt 2$ of radius $N^{-1}$ for large sufficiently $N,$ this disk contains no solution $z$ of $n^z\in\Bbb Z [i]$, according to definition of the function $\mu _1$ I think it is in a near relation with Riemann zeta function.
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Question $4$: Is $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ a UFD by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(2m)=0\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m)\star(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n & 2m\gt 2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt 2m\end{cases}\\i=1\\ 0\circ m=0\\ 2\circ m=-m\quad m\star(-m)=0\\ (2m)\circ(2n)=2mn-1\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=2mn-1\\ (2m)\circ(2n-1)=2mn\end{cases}$
  
 +
and what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ and also is $(\Bbb Q^{\ge0},\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={-m\over n}\qquad m\star(-m)=0\end{cases}$
 +
:in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two natural numbers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division•
  
Let $\mu _2:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _2(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r(n))^z}$$
 
  
Let $\mu _3:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _3(z)=\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r(p))^z}$$
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<small>'''Conjecture''' $1$: Let $x$ be a positive real number, and let $\pi(x)$ denote the number of primes that are less than or equal to $x$ then $$\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{x-\pi(x)}{\pi(e^u)}=1,\quad u=\sqrt{2\log(x\log x-x)}\,.$$</small>
 +
:<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/37555/jan-christoph-schlage-puchta $@$Jan-ChristophSchlage-Puchta] from stackexchange site: The conjecture is obviously wrong. The numerator is at least $x/2$, the denominator is at most $e^u$, and $u\lt2\sqrt\log x$, so the limit is $\infty$.</small>
 +
::<small>'''Problem''' $2$: Find a function $f:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R$ such that $\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{x-\pi(x)}{\pi(f(x))}=1$.</small>
 +
:::<small>Prime number theorem and its extensions or algebraic forms or corollaries allow us via infinity concept reach to some results.</small>
 +
:::<small>Prime numbers properties are stock in whole natural numbers including $\infty$ and not in any finite subset of $\Bbb N$ hence we can know them only in $\infty$, which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem prime number theorem] prepares it, but what does mean a cognition of prime numbers I think according to the [[distribution of prime numbers]], a cognition means only in $\infty$, this function $f$ can be such a cognition but only in $\infty$ because we have: $$\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{x-\pi(x)}{\pi(f(x))}=1=\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{f(x)-\pi(f(x))}{\pi(f(f(x)))}=\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{f(f(x))-\pi(f(f(x)))}{\pi(f(f(f(x))))}=...$$ and I guess $f$ is to form of <big>$e^{g(x)}$</big> in which $g:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R$ is a radical logarithmic function or probably as a radical logarithmic series.</small>
 +
::::<small>'''Conjecture''' $2$: Let $h:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R,\,h(x)=\frac{f(x)}{(\log x-1)\log(f(x))}$ then $\lim_{x\to\infty}{\pi(x)\over h(x)}=1$.</small>
 +
:::::<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/30186/wojowu $@$Wojowu] from stackexchange site: Since $x−\pi(x)\sim x$, you want $\pi(f(x))\sim x$, and $f(x)=x\log x$ works, and let $u=\log(x\log x)$.</small>
 +
::::::<small>'''Problem''' $3$: Based on ''prime number theorem'' very large prime numbers are equivalent to the numbers of the form $n\cdot\log n,\,n\in\Bbb N$ hence I think a test could be made to check correctness of some conjectures or problems relating to the prime numbers, and maybe some functions such as $h$ prepares it!</small>
 +
:::::::<small>'''Question''' $5$: If $p_n$ is $n$_th prime number then does $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{p_n}{e^{\sqrt{2\log n}}\over (\log n-1)\sqrt{2\log n}}=1\,?$$</small>
 +
::::::::<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/2926/todd-trimble $@$ToddTrimble] from stackexchange site: The numerator is asymptotically greater than $n$, and the denominator is asymptotically less.</small>
  
Let $\forall j\in\Bbb N,\,\mu _4:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _4(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r_j(n))^z}$$
+
Alireza Badali 16:26, 26 June 2018 (CEST)
  
Let $\forall j\in\Bbb N,\,\mu _5:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _5(z)=\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r_j(p))^z}$$
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation Parallel universes] ===
  
and $\mu _6:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _6(z)=\lim _{j\to\infty}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r_j(n))^z}$$
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'''An algorithm''' that makes new cyclic groups on $\Bbb Z$: Let $(\Bbb Z,\star)$ be that group and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ and then write integers with a fixed sequence below it, and let identity element $e=0$ be corresponding with $0$ and two generators $m$ & $n$ be corresponding with $1$ & $-1$, so we have $(\Bbb Z,\star)=\langle m\rangle=\langle n\rangle$ for instance: $$0,1,2,-2,-1,3,4,-4,-3,5,6,-6,-5,7,8,-8,-7,9,10,-10,-9,11,12,-12,-11,13,14,-14,-13,...$$ $$0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,...$$ then regarding the sequence above find a rotation number of the form $4t,\,t\in\Bbb N$ that for this sequence is $4$ (or $4t$) and hence equations should be written with module $2$ (or $2t$) then consider $2m-1,2m,-2m+1,-2m$ (that general form is: $km,km-1,km-2,...,$ $km-(k-1),-km,-km+1,-km+2,...,-km+(k-1)$) and make a table of products of those $4$ (or $4t$) elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers too and of course if integers corresponding with two numbers don't have same signs then product will be a piecewise-defined function for example $7\star(-10)=2$ $=(2\times4-1)\star(-2\times5)$ because $7+(-9)=-2,\,7\to7,\,-9\to-10,\,-2\to2$ that implies $(2m-1)\star(-2n)=2n-2m$ where $2n\gt 2m-1$, of course it is better at first members inverse be defined for example since $7+(-7)=0,\,7\to7,\,-7\to-8$ so $7\star(-8)=0$ that shows $(2m-1)\star(-2m)=0$ and with a little bit addition and multiplication all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is:
  
Let $\mu _7:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _7(z)=\lim _{j\to\infty}\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r_j(p))^z}$$
+
$\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t\\ \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m)=0=(-2m+1)\star(2m)\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-2\\ (2m-1)\star(2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n-1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n-2 & 2n\gt 2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n+1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2n-2m+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m)\star(-2n+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2n-1\gt2m\\ 2m-2n & 2m\gt2n-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(-2n)=-2m-2n\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n+1)=-2m-2n+1\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n & 2n\gt2m-1\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-2m)\star(-2n)=2m+2n-2\\ \Bbb Z=\langle1\rangle=\langle-2\rangle\end{cases}$
  
let $\mu _8:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _8(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_j(j))^z}$$
 
  
Let $p_j$ is $j$_th prime number & $\mu _9:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _9(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_j(p_j))^z}$$
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'''An algorithm''' which makes new integral domains on $\Bbb Z$: Let $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ be that integral domain then identity element $i$ will be corresponding with $1$ and multiplication of integers will be obtained from multiplication of corresponding integers such that if $t:\Bbb Z\to\Bbb Z$ is a bijection that images top row on to bottom row respectively for instance in example above is seen $t(2)=-1$ & $t(-18)=18$ then we can write laws by using $t$ such as $(-2m+1)\circ(-2n)=$ $t(t^{-1}(-2m+1)\times t^{-1}(-2n))=t((2m)\times(-2n+1))=$ $t(-2\times(2mn-m))=$ $2\times(2mn-m)=4mn-2m$ and of course each integer like $m$ multiplied by an integer corresponding with $-1$ will be $n$ such that $m\star n=0$ & $0\circ m=0$ for instance $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain with:
  
Let $a_n:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence & $\mu _{10}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{10}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_{a_n}(n))^z}$$
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$\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t\\ \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m)=0=(-2m+1)\star(2m)\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-2\\ (2m-1)\star(2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n-1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n-2 & 2n\gt 2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n+1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2n-2m+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m)\star(-2n+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2n-1\gt2m\\ 2m-2n & 2m\gt2n-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(-2n)=-2m-2n\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n+1)=-2m-2n+1\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n & 2n\gt2m-1\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-2m)\star(-2n)=2m+2n-2\\ i=t(1)=1,\quad0\circ m=0,\quad m\star(t(-1)\circ m)=m\star(-2\circ m)=0\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=4mn-2m-2n+1\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n)=4mn-2n\\ (2m-1)\circ(-2n+1)=-4mn+2n+1\\ (2m-1)\circ(-2n)=-4mn+2m+2n-2\\ (2m)\circ(2n)=-4mn+1\\ (2m)\circ(-2n+1)=4mn\\ (2m)\circ(-2n)=-4mn+2m+1\\ (-2m+1)\circ(-2n+1)=-4mn+1\\ (-2m+1)\circ(-2n)=4mn-2m\\ (-2m)\circ(-2n)=4mn-2m-2n+1\end{cases}$
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:Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ a UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$? is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$ •
 +
::in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division•
  
Let $a_n:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence & $\mu _{11}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{11}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_{a_n}(p_n))^z}$$
 
  
Let $\omega =0.p_1p_2p_3...=0.23571113171923293137...$ that in principle in $\omega$ prime numbers has been arranged respectively, now assume $a_n:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a sequence that $\sum _{n\in\Bbb N} a_n=\omega$ & $\mu _{12}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\mu _{12}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(a_n)^z}$$
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'''Problem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is a UFD then what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ and is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\ {m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$
 +
:in addition under a total order relation, an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division•
  
Let $f_1:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ & $\mu _{13}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ are functions as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{13}(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^n\cdot (r(n))^{f_1(z)}$$
 
  
Let $f_2:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ & $\mu _{14}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ are functions as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{14}(z)=\sum _{p_n\text{is}\, n\text{_th prime number}} (-1)^n\cdot (r(p_n))^{f_2(z)}$$
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Question $2$: Under usual total order on $\Bbb Z$, do there exist any integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb Z\setminus\{0\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain? no.
  
Find $f_1$ & $f_2$ as much as possible simple such that $\mu _{13}(i[\Bbb Q])$ is dense in the $\mu _{13}(\Bbb C)$ and $\mu _{14}(i[\Bbb Q])$ is dense in the $\mu _{14}(\Bbb C)$.
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'''Guess''' $1$: For each integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ there exists a total order on $\Bbb Z$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb Z\setminus\{0\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain.
  
Now some theorems on these functions about density should be presented.
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Alireza Badali 20:32, 9 July 2018 (CEST)
  
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=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_circle_problem Gauss circle problem] ===
  
Let $\mu_{15}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{15}(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\sum _{n\in\Bbb N\cap [10^{j-1},10^j)} (r_j(n))^z$$
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<small>Given this sequence: $$0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,...$$ $$0,1,2,3,-3,-1,-2,4,5,6,-6,-4,-5,7,8,9,-9,-7,-8,10,11,12,-12,-10,-11,...$$ we have this integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ as:
  
Let $\mu_{16}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{16}(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\sum _{p\in\Bbb P\cap (10^{j-1},10^j)} (r_j(p))^z$$
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$\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t,\quad\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\\ (6m-5)\star(6m-4)=0=(6m-3)\star(-6m+3)=(-6m+5)\star(-6m+4)=(6m-2)\star(6m-1)=\\ =(6m)\star(-6m)=(-6m+2)\star(-6m+1)\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-5)=6m+6n-9\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-4)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-3)=-6m-6n+11\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-2)=6m+6n-6\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(6n)=-6m-6n+8\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-8\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-5\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n-3\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-6 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-5\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-4)=-6m-6n+9\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m & 6m-4\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n-3\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-1)=-6m-6n+6\\ (6m-4)\star(6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+3 & 6m-4\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+4 & 6n\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+5)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-1 & 6m-4\gt6n-5\\ 6n-6m+3 & 6n-5\gt6m-4\\ 3 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+4)=6m+6n-7\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+10\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+6 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+1)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+7\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-3)=6m+6n-8\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-2)=-6m-6n+8\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-3\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-1\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(6n)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-6\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-3\gt6n-4\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n-4\gt6m-3\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-3\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-3\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-3\gt6n-1\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n-1\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-3\gt6n\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(6n-2)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m-2)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(6n)=-6m-6n+5\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-2\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n & 6n-4\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+3 & 6m-2\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m-1 & 6n-3\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-2\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-2\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(6n-1)=-6m-6n+3\\ (6m-1)\star(6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m & 6m-1\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n\gt6m-1\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+5)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+2 & 6m-1\gt6n-5\\ 6n-6m & 6n-5\gt6m-1\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+4)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+7\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-1 & 6m-1\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+3 & 6n-2\gt6m-1\\ 3 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+1)=6m+6n-1\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+4\\ (6m)\star(6n)=6m+6n-2\\ (6m)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+3 & 6m\gt6n-4\\ 6n-6m-1 & 6n-4\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m-1 & 6m\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n+4 & 6n-3\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n\\ (6m)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-1\gt6m\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m\gt6n\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+5)=-6m-6n+8\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-5\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n & 6n-3\gt6m-5\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+2)=-6m-6n+5\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-5\gt6n\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+4)=-6m-6n+7\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+6\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+4\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+3\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+3)=6m+6n-7\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+3 & 6m-3\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+4 & 6n-2\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+3\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n)=6m+6n-4\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n+2)=-6m-6n+2\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-2\gt6n\\ 6m-6n & 6n\gt6m-2\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-6m+1)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+1\\ (-6m+1)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n\\ (-6m)\star(-6n)=6m+6n-1\\ t\circ1=t,\quad t\circ0=0,\quad t\star(2\circ t)=0\end{cases}$
  
Alireza Badali 20:44, 12 October 2017 (CEST)
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$\begin{cases} (6m-5)\circ(6n-5)=36mn-30m-30n+25\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-4)=36mn-30m-30n+26\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-3)=36mn-24m-30n+21\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-30n+10\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-30n+11\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-30n+6\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+30n-13\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+30n-14\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+30n-21\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+30n+2\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+30n+1\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+30n-6\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-4)=36mn-30m-30n+25\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-3)=-36mn+24m+30n-21\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-30n+11\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-30n+10\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n)=-36mn+6m+30n-6\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+30n-14\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+30n-13\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-30n+21\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+30n+1\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+30n+2\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-30n+6\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-3)=36mn-24m-24n+16\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-24n+9\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-1)=-36mn+12m+24n-9\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-24n+4\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+24n-10\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+24n-11\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-24n+17\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+24n+2\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+24n+1\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-24n+5\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-12n+4\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-12n+5\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-12n+3\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+12n-4\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+12n-5\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+12n-9\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+12n+2\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+12n+1\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+12n-3\\ (6m-1)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-12n+4\\ (6m-1)\circ(6n)=-36mn+6m+12n-3\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+12n-5\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+12n-4\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-12n+9\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+12n+1\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+12n+2\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-12n+3\\ (6m)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-6n+1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+6n-1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+6n-2\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-6n+5\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+6n+2\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+6n+1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-6n+2\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+18n-7\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+18n-8\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+18n-11\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+18n+2\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+18n+1\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+18n-2\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+18n-7\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+18n-10\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+18n+1\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+18n+2\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+18n-1\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-24n+16\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+24n+1\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+24n+2\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-24n+4\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+2\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+1\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+1\\ (-6m+1)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+2\\ (-6m+1)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+2\\ (-6m)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-6n+1\end{cases}$
  
== Some notes ==
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but some calculations are such as: $(6m-4)\circ(6n-3)=t(t^{-1}(6m-4)\times t^{-1}(6n-3))=t((-6m+5)\times(6n-4))=$ $t(-6(6mn-4m-5n+4)+4)=-6(6mn-4m-5n+4)+3=-36mn+24m+30n-21,$ $(6m-4)\circ(-6n+1)=$ $t(t^{-1}(6m-4)\times t^{-1}(-6n+1))=t((-6m+5)\times(-6n))=t(6(6mn-5n))=-6(6mn-5n)+2=-36mn+30n+2,$ $(-6m+1)\circ(-6n+1)=t(t^{-1}(-6m+1)\times t^{-1}(-6n+1))=t((-6m)\times(-6n))=t(6(6mn))=-6(6mn)+2=$ $-36mn+2$.</small>
  
I see, you like to densely embed natural numbers into a continuum.  You may also try to embed them into the unit circle on the complex plane by $n\mapsto i^n=\cos(\log n)+i\sin(\log n)$. Then $(mn)^i=m^i n^i$. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 13:14, 3 December 2017 (CET)
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Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ a UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$? is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$
:Very nice, thank you so much. Alireza Badali 21:33, 3 December 2017 (CET)
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:in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division•
  
To your Question 3 above: the affirmative answer is given by [[Liouville theorems|Liouville's theorem on approximation of algebraic numbers]]. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 19:05, 4 December 2017 (CET)
 
:Thank you. Alireza Badali 16:00, 6 December 2017 (CET)
 
  
==Question==
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'''Problem''' $1$: Reinterpret (possibly via matrices) ''Gauss circle problem'' under the field $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ (not in whole $\Bbb R$).
  
You often mention "Formula of prime numbers". What do you mean? This is not a well-defined mathematical object, but a vague idea, with a lot of ''non-equivalent'' interpretations. See for instance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_for_primes], [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeFormulas.html], [https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-formula-of-prime-numbers], [https://primes.utm.edu/notes/faq/p_n.html], [https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1257/is-there-a-known-mathematical-equation-to-find-the-nth-prime], [https://thatsmaths.com/2016/06/09/prime-generating-formulae/] etc. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 19:24, 4 December 2017 (CET)
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Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST)
:Thank you and each one of these wordage about the formula of prime numbers is a theory separately one by one and probably non-equivalent or even incompatible so please don't consider their relations together. Alireza Badali 16:00, 6 December 2017 (CET)
 
::OK, then I do not consider these interpretations of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers" (since yours is different from them all). My question is, what is your interpretation of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers"? We cannot ask "does it exist or not" if we do not know what exactly is meant by "it". The answer is affirmative for some interpretations and negative for other interpretations. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 20:08, 6 December 2017 (CET)
 
:::Formula of prime numbers is a subsequence in $\Bbb N$ that has a special order and this order is the same formula of prime numbers, but this order isn't located on a polynomial necessarily. Alireza Badali 21:36, 6 December 2017 (CET)
 
::::I know what is a sequence and subsequence, and I understand that prime numbers may be treated as a subsequence of the sequence of natural numbers; but I do not know what is "special order"; I also do not know what is "order located on a polynomial"; thus, I get no answer to my question. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 23:52, 6 December 2017 (CET)
 
:::::Prime numbers are non repetitive and each natural number is a production of them but apparently they are indomitable (like me) and I think they are similar to transcendental numbers, order is special because prime numbers are special however natural numbers is defined by prime numbers as a production of them although another definition is given by induction axiom or another definition is in nature that all people see it in their routines, about polynomial I want say there is no polynomial as a formula for primes although there is a special polynomial like $y=a+bx^3$ or something such that $\exists n\in\Bbb N\,\,\forall m\gt n,\,\,p_m$ is around that curve and finally I want say discussion on numbers will continue forevermore and this is fate but there exists a unique dreamy logarithmic function that gives primes pleasantly and way for reaching to secrets is in homotopy theory. Alireza Badali 12:36, 7 December 2017 (CET)
 
::::::Not mathematics at all. Bye. [[User:Passer By|Passer By]] ([[User talk:Passer By|talk]]) 15:30, 7 December 2017 (CET)
 
:::::::Okay, thank you for your attention to my page. Alireza Badali 20:13, 7 December 2017 (CET)
 

Latest revision as of 05:22, 21 October 2018

$\mathscr B$ $theory$ (algebraic topological analytical number theory)

Logarithm function as an inverse of the function $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb R,\,f(n)=a^n,\,a\in\Bbb R$ has prime numbers properties because in usual definition of prime numbers multiplication operation is a point meantime we have $a^n=a\times a\times ...a,$ $(n$ times$),$ hence prime number theorem or its extensions or some other forms is applied in $B$ theory for solving problems on prime numbers exclusively and not all natural numbers.


Algebraic structures & topology with homotopy groups & prime number theorem and its extensions or other forms or corollaries with limitation concept

Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST)

Goldbach's conjecture

Lemma: For each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),\,\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $\forall k\in \Bbb N$ with $k\ge m$ then $\exists t\in (a,b)$ that $t\cdot 10^k\in \Bbb P$.

Proof given by @Adayah from stackexchange site: Without loss of generality (by passing to a smaller subinterval) we can assume that $(a, b) = \left( \frac{s}{10^r}, \frac{t}{10^r} \right)$, where $s, t, r$ are positive integers and $s < t$. Let $\alpha = \frac{t}{s}$.
The statement is now equivalent to saying that there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $k \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ with $10^{k-r} \cdot s < p < 10^{k-r} \cdot t$.
We will prove a stronger statement: there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $n \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p < \alpha \cdot n$. By taking a little smaller $\alpha$ we can relax the restriction to $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$.
Now comes the prime number theorem: $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(n)}{\frac{n}{\log n}} = 1$$
where $\pi(n) = \# \{ p \leqslant n : p$ is prime$\}.$ By the above we have $$\frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} \sim \frac{\frac{\alpha n}{\log(\alpha n)}}{\frac{n}{\log(n)}} = \alpha \cdot \frac{\log n}{\log(\alpha n)} \xrightarrow{n \to \infty} \alpha$$
hence $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} = \alpha$. So there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\pi(\alpha n) > \pi(n)$ whenever $n \geqslant m$, which means there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$, and that is what we wanted♦


Now we can define function $f:\{(c,d)\mid (c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\}\to\Bbb N$ that $f((c,d))$ is the least $n\in\Bbb N$ that $\exists t\in(c,d),\,\exists k\in\Bbb N$ that $p_n=t\cdot 10^{k+1}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime and $\forall m\ge f((c,d))\,\,\exists u\in (c,d)$ that $u\cdot 10^{m+1}\in\Bbb P$

and $g:(0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\to\Bbb N,$ is a function by $\forall\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))$ $g(\epsilon)=max(\{f((c,d))\mid d-c=\epsilon,$ $(c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\})$.

Guess $1$: $g$ isn't an injective function.

Question $1$: Assuming guess $1$, let $[a,a]:=\{a\}$ and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, h_n$ is the least subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $[a,b]$ in terms of size of $b-a$ such that $\{\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\mid g(\epsilon)=n\}\subsetneq h_n$ and obviously $g(a)=n=g(b)$ now the question is $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N$ that $m\neq n$ is $h_n\cap h_m=\emptyset$?

Guidance given by @reuns from stackexchange site:
  • For $n \in \mathbb{N}$ then $r(n) = 10^{-\lceil \log_{10}(n) \rceil} n$, ie. $r(19) = 0.19$. We look at the image by $r$ of the primes $\mathbb{P}$.
  • Let $F((c,d)) = \min \{ p \in \mathbb{P}, r(p) \in (c,d)\}$ and $f((c,d)) = \pi(F(c,d))= \min \{ n, r(p_n) \in (c,d)\}$ ($\pi$ is the prime counting function)
  • If you set $g(\epsilon) = \max_a \{ f((a,a+\epsilon))\}$ then try seing how $g(\epsilon)$ is constant on some intervals defined in term of the prime gap $g(p) = -p+\min \{ q \in \mathbb{P}, q > p\}$ and things like $ \max \{ g(p), p > 10^i, p+g(p) < 10^{i+1}\}$
Another guidance: The affirmative answer is given by Liouville's theorem on approximation of algebraic numbers.


Suppose $r:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $r(n)$ is obtained by putting a point at the beginning of $n$ instance $r(34880)=0.34880$ and similarly consider $\forall k\in\Bbb N,\, w_k:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $w_k(n)=10^{1-k}\cdot r(n)$ and let $S=\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N}w_k(\Bbb P)$.

Theorem $1$: $r(\Bbb P)$ is dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$. (proof using lemma above)

Regarding to expression form of Goldbach's conjecture, by using this theorem, I wanted enmesh prime numbers properties (prime number theorem should be used for proving this theorem and there is no way except using prime number theorem to prove this density(?) because there is no deference between a prime $p$ and its image $r(p)$ other than a sign or a mark as a point for instance $59$ & $0.59$.) towards Goldbach hence I planned this method.
comment given by $@$GerhardPaseman from stackexchange site: There are elementary methods to show your specified set is dense. Indeed, simple sieving methods and estimates known to Euler for the sum of the reciprocals of primes give a weak but for your result a sufficient upper bound on the number of primes less than $n$ (like ${n\over\log\log n}$).
A corollary: For each natural number like $a=a_1a_2a_3...a_k$ that $a_j$ is $j$_th digit for $j=1,2,3,...,k$, there is a natural number like $b=b_1b_2b_3...b_r$ such that the number $c=a_1a_2a_3...a_kb_1b_2b_3...b_r$ is a prime number.
Question $2$: Which mathematical concept at $[0.1,1)$ could be in accordance with the prime gap at natural numbers?

Question $3$: What is equivalent to the prime number theorem in $[0.1,1)$?


Let $A_n=\{p_{1n},p_{2n},p_{3n},...,p_{mn}\}$ is all primes with $n$ digits, now since $\forall i=1,2,3,...,m-1,\,r(p_{in})\lt r(p_{(i+1)n})$ and $\lim_{m\to\infty}\frac{\pi(10^{m+1})-\pi(10^m)}{\pi(10^m)}=9$ I offer (probably via group theory & prime number theorem can be solved.): Guess $2$: $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\prod_{i=1}^mr(p_{in})}{\prod_{p\in\Bbb P,\,p\lt p_{1n}}r(p)}\sim({5\over9})^9\,.$$


Theorem $2$: $S$ is dense in the interval $[0,1]$ and $S\times S$ is dense in the $[0,1]\times [0,1]$.


An algorithm that makes new cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$:

Let $\Bbb N$ be that group and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ and let identity element $e=1$ be corresponding with $0$ and two generators $m$ & $n$ be corresponding with $1$ & $-1$ so we have $\Bbb N=\langle m\rangle=\langle n\rangle$ for instance: $$0,1,2,-1,-2,3,4,-3,-4,5,6,-5,-6,7,8,-7,-8,9,10,-9,-10,11,12,-11,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$ then regarding to the sequence find a rotation number of the form $4t,\,t\in\Bbb N$ that for this sequence is $4$ and hence equations should be written with module $4$, then consider $4m-2,4m-1,4m,4m+1$ that the last should be $km+1$ and initial be $km+(2-k)$ otherwise equations won't match with definitions of members inverse, and make a table of products of those $k$ elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers too and of course if integers corresponding with two members don't have same signs then product will be a piecewise-defined function for example $12\star _u 15=6$ or $(4\times 3)\star _u (4\times 4-1)=6$ because $(-5)+8=3$ & $-5\to 12,\,\, 8\to 15,\,\, 3\to 6,$ that implies $(4n)\star _u (4m-1)=4m-4n+2$ where $4m-1\gt 4n$ of course it is better at first members inverse be defined for example since $(-9)+9=0$ & $0\to 1,\,\, -9\to 20,\,\, 9\to 18$ so $20\star _u 18=1$, that shows $(4m)\star _u (4m-2)=1$, and with a little bit addition and multiplication all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is:

$\begin{cases} m\star _u 1=m\\ (4m)\star _u (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star _u (4m-1)\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m-2)\star _u (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _u (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m)\star _u (4n)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m)\star _u (4n+1)=4m+4n\\ (4m+1)\star _u (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\\ \Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle=\langle 4\rangle\end{cases}$


Problem $1$: By using matrices rewrite operation of every group on $\Bbb N$.


Assume $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$: $\begin{cases} n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\end{cases}$

and $p_n\star _1p_m=p_{n\star m}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime with $e=p_1=2$, obviously $(\Bbb N,\star)$ & $(\Bbb P,\star _1)$ are groups and $\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\simeq (\Bbb Z,+)\simeq (\Bbb P,\star _1)=\langle 3\rangle=\langle 5\rangle$.


I want make some topologies having prime numbers properties presentable in the collection of open sets, in principle when we image a prime $p$ to real numbers as $w_k(p)$ indeed we accompany prime numbers properties among real numbers which regarding to the expression form of prime number theorem for this aim we should use an important mathematical technique as logarithm function into some planned topologies: question $4$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean. ($M=\Bbb R,\,B=[0,1],\,A=S$ or $M=\Bbb R^2,$ $B=[0,1]\times[0,1],$ $A=S\times S$)

Perhaps these techniques are useful:
$\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ and for each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),$ that $a\neq b,$ assume: :$\begin{cases} U_{(a,b)}:=\{n\in\Bbb N\mid a\le r(n)\le b\},\\ \\V_{(a,b)}:=\{p\in\Bbb P\mid a\le r(p)\le b\},\\ \\U_{(a,b),n}:=\{m\in U_{(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\V_{(a,b),n}:=\{p\in V_{(a,b)}\mid p\le n\},\\ \\w_{(a,b),n}:={\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(a,b),n}}\cdot\log n,\\ \\w_{(a,b)}:=\lim _{n\to\infty} w_{(a,b),n},\\ \\z_{(a,b),n}:={\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(a,b),n}}\cdot\log{(\#U_{(a,b),n})},\\ \\z_{(a,b)}:=\lim_{n\to\infty}z_{(a,b),n}\end{cases}$ ::Guess $3$: $\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,w_{(a,b)}={10\over9}\cdot(b-a)$. :::[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2683513/an-extension-of-prime-number-theorem/2683561#2683561 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/82961/peter $@$Peter] from stackexchange site: Imagine a very large number $N$ and consider the range $[10^N,10^{N+1}]$. The natural logarithms of $10^N$ and $10^{N+1}$ only differ by $\ln(10)\approx 2.3$ Hence the reciprocals of the logarithms of all primes in this range virtually coincicde. Because of the approximation '"`UNIQ-MathJax6-QINU`"' for the number of primes in the range $[a,b]$ the number of primes is approximately the length of the interval divided by $\frac{1}{\ln(10^N)}$, so is approximately equally distributed. Hence your conjecture is true. :::Benfords law seems to contradict this result , but this only applies to sequences producing primes as the Mersenne primes and not if the primes are chosen randomly in the range above. ::::Let $e:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N,$ is a function that $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ gives the number of digits in $n$ instance $e(1320)=4$, and let $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},$ and for each subinterval $(a,b)$ of $[0.1,1),$ that $a\neq b,$ $\begin{cases} A_{k,(a,b)}:=\{n\mid\exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),\, t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb N,\, 10\nmid t_2\cdot10^{t_1},\, n=t_2\cdot 10^{k+t_1}\},\\ \\B_{k,(a,b)}:=\{p\mid\exists t_1\in\Bbb N,\,\exists t_2\in (a,b),\, p=t_2\cdot 10^{t_1}\in\Bbb P,\,\exists n_1,n_2\in A_{k,(a,b)},\, n_1\le p\le n_2,\,e(n_1)=e(n_2)\},\\ \\A_{k,(a,b),n}:=\{m\in A_{k,(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\B_{k,(a,b),n}:=\{m\in B_{k,(a,b)}\mid m\le n\},\\ \\c_{k,(a,b),n}:=(\#A_{k,(a,b),n})^{-1}\cdot\#B_{k,(a,b),n}\cdot\log n,\\ \\c_{k,(a,b)}:=\lim _{n\to\infty} c_{k,(a,b),n}\end{cases}$. :::::Guess $4$: $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,c_{k,(a,b)}=10^{-k}\cdot (b-a)$. (and we knew $\sum _{k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}}10^{-k}={10\over9}$) ::Guess $5$: $\forall (a,b)\subset [0.1,1),\,z_{(a,b)}={10\over9}\cdot(b-a)$. :::Question $5$: What does mean $\forall a\in[0.1,1),\,\forall b\in(0.1,1),\,a\lt b,\,\lim_{b\to a}z_{(a,b)}=0$? ::Guess $6$: $\forall(a,b),(c,d)\subset[0.1,1),\,\lim_{n\to\infty}{\#V_{(a,b),n}\over\#V_{(c,d),n}}={b-a\over d-c}=\lim_{n\to\infty}{\#U_{(a,b),n}\over\#U_{(c,d),n}}$. :::<small>Comment given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/403583/dzoooks $@$Dzoooks] from stackexchange site: It shouldn't be that hard to get estimates from $V_{(a,b),n}=\{p\leq n : 10^ka\lt p\lt 10^k\text{ for some }k\}=\sqcup_{k\geq1}\{p\in[0,n]\cap(10^ka,10^kb)\},$ where the union is disjoint from $10^kb\lt10^k\leq10^{k+1}a$. Then $\#V_{(a,b),n}$ can be summed with the PNT. You'll see that a $(b-c)$ comes out of the sum..maybe</small> :::<small>and the PNT gives $\#\{p\in[0,n]\cap(10^ka,10^k)\}\sim\frac{(b-a)10^k}{\log b-\log a},$ for large $n$ and $k$. Factor these out of the sum, and it looks like your limit is actually $\frac{b-a}{\log b-\log a}\cdot\frac{\log d-\log c}{d-c}$.</small> Using homotopy groups Goldbach's conjecture will be proved. Alireza Badali 08:27, 31 March 2018 (CEST) ===='"`UNIQ--h-2--QINU`"' Goldbach by $\Bbb N$ ==== Let $\lt_1$ be a total order relation (not well ordering) on $\Bbb N$ as: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,m\lt_1n$ iff $\begin{cases} r(m)\lt r(n),\,m=m_1\times10^s,\,n=n_1\times10^s,\,10\nmid m_1,\,10\nmid n_1,\,m_1,n_1\in\Bbb N,\,s\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\} & \text{ or}\\ \\m=m_1\times10^s,\,n=n_1\times10^t,\,s\lt t,\,10\nmid m_1,\,10\nmid n_1,\,m_1,n_1,t\in\Bbb N,\,s\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}\end{cases}$ then assume $\mathfrak T$ is a topology on $\Bbb N$ induced by $\lt_1$ ($(\Bbb N,\mathfrak T)$ is a Hausdorff space). '''Theorem''' $1$: $\Bbb P$ is dense in the interval $(1,10)$. on the other hand $\Bbb N$ is a cyclic group by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ e=1\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\end{cases}$ Question $1$: Is $\Bbb N$ a topological group? '''Goldbach's conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $2n+3=p\star q$. '''Guess''' $1$: the set $P_1:=\{{p+1\over2}\mid p\in\Bbb P\}$ is dense in $\Bbb N$. :is this content related to the prime gap? :probably ''prime number theorem'' isn't enough for proving this guess. '''Question''' $2$: Is $\Bbb N$ metrizable? :[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2947518/is-this-hausdorff-space-bbb-n-metrizable-and-bounded/2947575#2947575 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/15500/arthur $@$Arthur] from stackexchange site: Let $v(n)$ be the number of trailing zeroes of $n$ (i.e. the largest natural number such that $10^{v(n)}\mid n$). Then the function $n\mapsto r(n)+v(n)$ maps $\Bbb N$ to a subset of $\Bbb Q$, and using the standard ordering on $\Bbb Q$ this function respects the ordering. So $(\Bbb N,<_1)$ is order isomorphic to a subset of $(\Bbb Q,<)$. hence $d:\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\to\Bbb R,\,\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $d(m,n)=\vert r(m)+v(m)-r(n)-v(n)\vert$ is distance between $m,n$. :comment given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/254665/danielwainfleet $@$DanielWainfleet]: If $(X,d)$ is a connected metric space and $X$ has at least $2$ points then $X$ is uncountable. Because if $a,b\in X$ with $a\neq b$ then for every $r\in(0,1)$ we have $\emptyset\neq\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)=r\cdot d(a,b)\}$. Otherwise for some $r\in(0,1)$ the open sets $\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)\lt r\cdot d(a,b)\}$,$\{c\in X\mid d(a,c)\gt r\cdot d(a,b)\}$ are disjoint and non-empty, and their union is $X$. the $\lt_1$-order-topology on $\Bbb N$ is metrizable and therefore is not connected. Ordered sets $(\Bbb N=\{n\times10^m\mid m\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,n\in\Bbb N,\,10\nmid n\},\lt_1)$ & $(A:=\{m+r(n)\mid m\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,n\in\Bbb N,\,10\nmid n\},\lt)$ have the same order type with bijective $f:\Bbb N\to A,\,f(n\times10^m)=m+r(n),$ $n\times10^m\lt_1u\times10^v$ iff $m+r(n)\lt v+r(u)$ Alireza Badali 21:20, 17 September 2018 (CEST) ==== Goldbach by odd numbers ==== Let $Z_1:=\{\pm(2n-1)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{0\}$ and $\lt_1$ be a total order relation (not well ordering) on $Z_1$ with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ 2n-1\lt_12m-1 & \text{iff}\quad r(2n-1)\lt r(2m-1),\\ -2n+1\lt_1-2m+1 & \text{iff}\quad r(2n-1)\gt r(2m-1),\\ -2n+1\lt_10\lt_12m-1\end{cases}$ then assume $\mathfrak T$ is a topology on $Z_1$ induced by $\lt_1$ ($(Z_1,\mathfrak T)$ is a Hausdorff space). '''Guess''' $1$: $P_1=\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ is dense in $N_1:=\{n\in Z_1\mid n\gt0\}$. :The topology induced by $\lt_1$ has prime numbers properties because we should apply ''prime number theorem (distribution of prime numbers)'' to prove this density or in principle there exists an especial two sided relation between ''prime number theorem'' and this density. :and hence $Z_1\setminus\{0\}$ is a separable space under subspace topology. $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ m\star_11=m\\ (2n)\star_1(2n+1)=1\\ (2m)\star_1(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star_1(2n-1)=2m+2n-3\\ (2m)\star_1(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+2 & 2m\gt2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt2m\end{cases}\\ \Bbb N=\langle2\rangle=\langle3\rangle\end{cases}$ hence we can consider following cyclic group $(N_1,\star_2)$ with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ 1\star_2(2m-1)=2m-1\\ (4n-1)\star_2(4n+1)=1\\ (2m-1)\star_2(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m+2n-1 & \text{m,n are even}\\ 2m+2n-3 & \text{m,n are odd}\\ 2m-2n-1 & m\gt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\\ 2n-2m+1 & m\lt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\end{cases}\\ N_1=\langle3\rangle=\langle5\rangle\end{cases}$ and finally regarding sequences below we have the cyclic group $(Z_1,\star)$: '"`UNIQ-MathJax7-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax8-QINU`"' $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\quad e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m+1)=0\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-3)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+3)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & m\le n\\ 4m-4n-3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+3)=-4m-4n+5\\ (-4m+3)\star(4n-1)=\begin{cases} 4n-4m+1 & m\le n\\ 4n-4m+3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+3\\ (4m-1)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+1)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+1\\ Z_1=\langle1\rangle=\langle-1\rangle\end{cases}$ Question $1$: Is $Z_1$ a topological group? '''Goldbach’s conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in P_1$ such that $2n+5=p\star q$. Alireza Badali 19:52, 22 September 2018 (CEST) ===== $Z_1$ a UFD ===== $(\Bbb N,\star_1,\circ_1)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ m\star_11=m\\ (2n)\star_1(2n+1)=1\\ (2m)\star_1(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star_1(2n-1)=2m+2n-3\\ (2m)\star_1(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+2 & 2m\gt2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt2m\end{cases}\\ 1\circ_1m=1,\quad2\circ_1m=m,\quad(3\circ_1m)\star_1m=1\\ (2m)\circ_1(2n)=2mn\\ (2m+1)\circ_1(2n+1)=2mn\\ (2m)\circ_1(2n+1)=2mn+1\end{cases}$ hence $(N_1,\star_2,\circ_2)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall v\in N_1\\ 1\star_2(2m-1)=2m-1\\ (4n-1)\star_2(4n+1)=1\\ (2m-1)\star_2(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m+2n-1 & \text{m,n are even}\\ 2m+2n-3 & \text{m,n are odd}\\ 2m-2n-1 & m\gt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\\ 2n-2m+1 & m\lt n,\,m\text{ is odd},\,n\text{ is even}\end{cases}\\ 1\circ_2v=1,\quad3\circ_2v=v,\quad(5\circ_2v)\star_2v=1\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-5)=16mn-8m-8n+3\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-3)=16mn-8m-8n+5\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-8n-1\\ (8m-5) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-8n+1\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n-3)=16mn-8m-8n+3\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-8n+1\\ (8m-3) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-8n-1\\ (8m-1) \circ_2(8n-1)=16mn-1\\ (8m-1) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn+1\\ (8m+1) \circ_2(8n+1)=16mn-1\end{cases}$ from this table, $m\in\Bbb N$: '"`UNIQ-MathJax9-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax10-QINU`"' for instance $(8m-3) \circ_2(8n+1)=t(t^{-1}(8m-3)\circ_1t^{-1}(8n+1))=t((4m-1) \circ_1(4n+1))=$ $t((2(2m-1)+1)\circ_1(2(2n)+1))=t(2(2m-1)(2n))=t(4(2mn-n))=8(2mn-n)-1=16mn-8n-1$ and finally $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain (possibly a UFD) with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall v\in Z_1,\quad e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m+1)=0\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-3)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+3)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (4m-3)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m-3)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & m\le n\\ 4m-4n-3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+3)=-4m-4n+5\\ (-4m+3)\star(4n-1)=\begin{cases} 4n-4m+1 & m\le n\\ 4n-4m+3 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+3)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+3\\ (4m-1)\star(4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star(-4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+1 & m\lt n\\ 4m-4n-1 & m\gt n\end{cases}\\ (-4m+1)\star(-4n+1)=-4m-4n+1\\ 0\circ v=0,\quad1\circ v=v,\quad((-1)\circ v)\star v=0\\ (4m-3)\circ(4n-3)=8mn-4m-4n+1\\ (4m-3)\circ(-4n+3)=-8mn+4m+4n-1\\ (4m-3)\circ(4n-1)=8mn-4n-1\\ (4m-3)\circ(-4n+1)=-8mn+4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(-4n+3)=8mn-4m-4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(4n-1)=-8mn+4n+1\\ (-4m+3)\circ(-4n+1)=8mn-4n-1\\ (4m-1)\circ(4n-1)=8mn-1\\ (4m-1)\circ(-4n+1)=-8mn+1\\ (-4m+1)\circ(-4n+1)=8mn-1\end{cases}$ from this table: '"`UNIQ-MathJax11-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax12-QINU`"' :without ring theory we have no appropriate calculations. Guess $1$: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,n$ is a prime iff $2n-1$ is an irreducible element in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ and we have: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,r,s\in\Bbb N,\\ m\pm n=r\qquad\text{iff}\quad(2m-1)\star(\pm(2n-1))=2r-1\\ m\cdot n=s\qquad\text{iff}\quad(2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=2s-1\quad\text{iff}\quad2s-1=(2m-1)\star(2m-1)\star...(2m-1)\,(n\text{ times})\end{cases}$. Irreducible elements in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$ except $3$ are of the form $4k-3,\,k\in\Bbb N$. Guess $2$: $Y:=\{2p-1\mid p\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$ is dense in $N_1$. :The topology induced by $\lt_1$ has prime numbers properties because we should apply ''prime number theorem (distribution of prime numbers)'' to prove this density or in principle there exists an especial two sided relation between ''prime number theorem'' and this density and in $Z_1$ there is no even number. :and hence $Z_1\setminus\{0\}$ is a separable space under subspace topology. '''Goldbach's conjecture''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists r,s\in\Bbb N$, such that $4n+7=(4r-3)\star(4s-3),$ & $4r-3,4s-3$ are irreducible elements greater than $3$ in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$. :meantime $2r-1,2s-1\in\Bbb P$ & $4n+7$ is of the form $4k-1,\,k\in\Bbb N$. Problem $1$: in order to define an infinite field based on $Z_1$, make a division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in which given two elements $s,t\in Z_1$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division. :comment given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/41291/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94 $@$მამუკაჯიბლაძე] from stackexchange site: since this isomorphic $f:\Bbb Z\to Z_1,$ $f(n)=2n-\operatorname{sign}(n)$ with inverse $g:Z_1\to\Bbb Z$ given by $g(n)=\frac{n+\operatorname{sign(n)}}2$ then $Z_1$ is an Euclidean domain, i.e. does admit an Euclidean function. :and I would define some infinite sentences by using this field. :and I want explain density by a function. Guess $3$: for each interval $(s,t)$ that $s,t\in N_1,\,\exists n,u,v\in\Bbb N,$ such that $4n+7=(4u-3)\star(4v-3)$ & $4u-3,4v-3$ are irreducible elements greater than $3$ in $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$. Alireza Badali 12:19, 24 September 2018 (CEST) ======'"`UNIQ--h-3--QINU`"' Widget theory ====== Definition: a widget w is an element of $[0.1,1)\setminus r(\Bbb N)$ but without decimal point instance $30141592653058979320003846264...$. '''Conjecture''': $N_1$ is dense in the $W$ the set of all widgets. $\forall w_1,w_2\in W,\,w_1\lt_W w_2$ iff $a_1\lt a_2$ in which $a_i,\,i=1,2$ is corresponding to $w_i$. Alireza Badali 14:02, 18 October 2018 (CEST) ====='"`UNIQ--h-4--QINU`"' Quotients from $Z_1$ ===== Question $1$: does exist any best known UFD isomorphic to $(Z_1,\star,\circ)$? does exist any best known topological space homeomorphic to $(Z_1,\mathfrak T)$? Alireza Badali 18:02, 7 October 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-5--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polignac%27s_conjecture Polignac's conjecture] === In previous chapter above I used an important technique by theorem $1$ for presentment of prime numbers properties as density in discussion that using prime number theorem it became applicable, anyway, but now I want perform another method for Twin prime conjecture (Polignac) in principle prime numbers properties are ubiquitous in own natural numbers. '''Theorem''' $1$: $(\Bbb N,\star _T)$ is a group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $\begin{cases} (12m-10)\star_T(12m-9)=1=(12m-8) \star_T(12m-5)=(12m-7) \star_T(12m-4)=\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12m-1)=(12m-3) \star_T(12m)=(12m-2) \star_T(12m+1)\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-10)=12m+12n-19\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-9)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-10\gt 12n-9\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-9\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-8)=12m+12n-15\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-20\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-10\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-5\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-10\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-4\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-18\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-10 & 12m-10\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+11 & 12n-2\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-7 & 12m-10\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+12 & 12n-1\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-10\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n\gt 12m-10\end{cases}\\ (12m-10) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-9)=12m+12n-16\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-8)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m-9\gt 12n-8\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n-8\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-7)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-9\gt 12n-7\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n-7\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-6)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-4 & 12m-9\gt 12n-6\\ 12n-12m+9 & 12n-6\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-5)=12m+12n-12\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-17\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-5 & 12m-9\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+4 & 12n-3\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-9) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-13\\ (12m-9)\star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-9 & 12m-9\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+6 & 12n+1\gt 12m-9\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-8)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-18\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-8\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-5\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+2 & 12m-8\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-1 & 12n-4\gt 12m-8\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-8\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n-2\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-8\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-1\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-8\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n\gt 12m-8\end{cases}\\ (12m-8) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-8\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-7)=12m+12n-15\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-10\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-7\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-5\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-7\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-4\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-11\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-7 & 12m-7\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+12 & 12n-2\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-8 & 12m-7\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+7 & 12n-1\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-7\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n\gt 12m-7\end{cases}\\ (12m-7) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-6)=12m+12n-3\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-5)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+5 & 12m-6\gt 12n-5\\ 12n-12m & 12n-5\gt 12m-6\\ 5 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-4)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+4 & 12m-6\gt 12n-4\\ 12n-12m-5 & 12n-4\gt 12m-6\\ 4 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-8\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-6\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-2\gt 12m-6\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-6\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n-1\gt 12m-6\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+2 & 12m-6\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m-1 & 12n\gt 12m-6\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (12m-6) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-6\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-5)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-13\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-5\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n-3\gt 12m-5\end{cases}\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-5\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-5) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-5 & 12m-5\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+4 & 12n+1\gt 12m-5\end{cases}\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-4)=12m+12n-12\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-3)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m-4\gt 12n-3\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n-3\gt 12m-4\end{cases}\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-9\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-14\\ (12m-4) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-4 & 12m-4\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+9 & 12n+1\gt 12m-4\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-3)=12m+12n-7\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-2)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-3 & 12m-3\gt 12n-2\\ 12n-12m+8 & 12n-2\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n-1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-6 & 12m-3\gt 12n-1\\ 12n-12m+3 & 12n-1\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n+1 & 12m-3\gt 12n\\ 12n-12m-2 & 12n\gt 12m-3\end{cases}\\ (12m-3) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n-3\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n-2)=12m+12n-2\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n-1\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n\\ (12m-2) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-2 & 12m-2\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+1 & 12n+1\gt 12m-2\end{cases}\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n-1)=12m+12n\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-5\\ (12m-1) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n-1 & 12m-1\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+2 & 12n+1\gt 12m-1\end{cases}\\ (12m) \star_T(12n)=12m+12n-4\\ (12m) \star_T(12n+1)=\begin{cases} 12m-12n & 12m\gt 12n+1\\ 12n-12m+5 & 12n+1\gt 12m\end{cases}\\ (12m+1) \star_T(12n+1)=12m+12n+1\end{cases}$ that $\forall k\in\Bbb N,\,\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle =\langle (2k+1)\star _T (2k+3)\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star _T)\simeq (\Bbb Z,+)$ and $\langle (2k)\star _T(2k+2)\rangle\neq\Bbb N$ and each prime in $\langle 5\rangle$ is to form of $5+12k$ or $13+12k$, $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ and each prime in $\langle 7\rangle$ is to form of $7+12k$ or $13+12k$, $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ and $\langle 5\rangle\cap\langle 7\rangle=\langle 13\rangle$ and $\Bbb N=\langle 5\rangle\oplus\langle 7\rangle$ but there isn't any proper subgroup including all primes of the form $11+12k,$ $k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ (probably I have to make another better). :Proof: '"`UNIQ-MathJax13-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax14-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax15-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax16-QINU`"' '''Question''' $1$: For each group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ generated from algorithm above, if $p_i$ be $i$_th prime number and $x_i$ be $i$_th composite number then do $\exists m\in\Bbb N,\,\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $n\ge m$ we have: $2\star3\star5\star7...\star p_n=\prod_{i=1}^{n}p_i\gt\prod _{i=1}^{n}x_i=4\star6\star8\star9...\star x_n$? '''Question''' $2$: For which group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ generated from algorithm above, do we have: $\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^np_i,\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^nx_i\in\Bbb N,$ $(\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^np_i)\star(\lim_{n\to\infty}\prod _{i=1}^nx_i)=1$? now let the group $G$ be external direct sum of three copies of the group $(\Bbb N,\star _T)$, hence $G=\Bbb N\oplus\Bbb N\oplus\Bbb N$. '''Theorem''' $2$: $(\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N,\lt _T)$ is a well ordering set with order relation $\lt _T$ as: $\forall (m_1,n_1,t_1),(m_2,n_2,t_2)\in\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N,$ $(m_1,n_1,t_1)\lt _T(m_2,n_2,t_2)$ iff $\begin{cases} t_1\lt t_2 & or\\ t_1=t_2,\, m_1-n_1\lt m_2-n_2 & or\\ t_1=t_2,\, m_1-n_1=m_2-n_2,\, n_1\lt n_2\end{cases}$ ♦ and suppose $M=\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\times\Bbb N$ is a topological space ('''Hausdorff space''') induced by order relation $\lt _T$. '''Question''' $3$: Is $G$ a topological group with topology of $M$? '''Now''' regarding to the group $(\Bbb N,\star_T)$, I am planning an algebraic form of prime number theorem towards twin prime conjecture: Recall the statement of the prime number theorem: Let $x$ be a positive real number, and let $\pi(x)$ denote the number of primes that are less than or equal to $x$. Then the ratio $\pi(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}$ can be made arbitrarily close to $1$ by taking $x$ sufficiently large. Question $4$: Suppose $\pi_1(x)$ is all prime numbers of the form $4k+1$ and less than $x$ and $\pi_2(x)$ is all prime numbers of the form $4k+3$ and less than $x$. Do $\lim_{x\to\infty}\pi_1(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}=0.5=\lim_{x\to\infty}\pi_2(x)\cdot{\log x\over x}\ ?$ :[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2769471/another-extension-of-prime-number-theorem/2769494#2769494 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/174927/milo-brandt $@$Milo Brandt] from stackexchange site: Basically, for any $k$, the primes are equally distributed across the congruence classes $\langle n\rangle$ mod $k$ where $n$ and $k$ are coprime. :This result is known as the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem#Prime_number_theorem_for_arithmetic_progressions Wikipedia] discusses it with a number of references and one can find a proof of it by Ivan Soprounov [http://academic.csuohio.edu/soprunov_i/pdf/primes.pdf here], which makes use of the Dirichlet theorem on arithmetic progressions (which just says that $\pi_1$ and $\pi_2$ are unbounded) to prove this stronger result. Question $5$: For each neutral infinite subset $A$ of $\Bbb N$, does exist a cyclic group like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ such that $A$ is a maximal subgroup of $\Bbb N$? Question $6$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ is a cyclic group and $n\in\Bbb N$ and $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ is a non-trivial subgroup of $\Bbb N$ then does exist another cyclic group $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ such that $\prod _{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star_2a_2\star_2a_3\star_2...=n$? Question $7$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group and $n\in\Bbb N$ then does exist a non-trivial subset $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ of $\Bbb P$ with $\#(\Bbb P\setminus A)=\aleph_0$ and $\prod _{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star a_2\star a_3\star...=n$? Question $8$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ and $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ are cyclic groups and $A=\{a_i\mid i\in\Bbb N\}$ is a non-trivial subgroup of $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ and $B=A\cap\Bbb P$ then does $\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}a_i=a_1\star_2a_2\star_2a_3\star_2...\in\Bbb N$? '''Theorem''' $3$: $U:=\{{r(p)-r(q)\over r(s)-r(t)}\mid p,q,s,t\in\Bbb P,\,s\neq t\}$ is dense in $\Bbb R$. :Proof given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/28111/noah-schweber $@$NoahSchweber] from stackexchange site: for any real number $x$ we can by the density of the image of $r$ in $[0.1,1]$ find primes $p,q,s,t$ such that $r(p)−r(q)$ is very close to $x\over n$ and $r(s)−r(t)$ is very close to $1\over n$ for some large integer $n$. :'''Question''' $9$: Does $T:=U\cap\Bbb P$ have infinitely many primes? :'''Question''' $10$: Is the set $V:=\{p+2q\mid p,q\in\Bbb P,\,p+2q\in T\}$ infinite? '''Guess''' $1$: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ assume $p_n,q_n\in\Bbb P$ such that there is no prime number in these intervals $(p_n,m\times10^n),(m\times10^n,q_n)$ then $\lim_{n\to\infty}{q_n\over p_n}=1$. :[https://mathoverflow.net/questions/310201/a-question-relating-to-the-prime-gaps/310223#310223 Answer] given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/3402/gerhard-paseman $@$GerhardPaseman] from stackexchange site: It turns out that $1$) explicitly for all numbers $M$ greater than $30$, there are at least two primes in $(5M/6,6M/5)$, one bigger than $M$ and one smaller than $M$, and $2$) there is $N$ large enough that for $M$ bigger than $N$ there are more than two primes in $(M,M+M^{\alpha})$, where you can pick $\alpha$ a real number larger than $0.525$. So it is like the values $p_n$ and $q_n$ will be at most a little more than $\sqrt{q_n}$ apart, which means the limit of the ratio as $n$ increases will be $1$. You can also try this with estimates from Chebyshev (before PNT) to reach the same conclusion, but it will be less obvious. ::but could we replace another natural number rather than $10$ as $m\times d^n$? Yes, you can. The answer is essentially the same: the ratio as $n$ grows will eventually tend to $1$. :::'''Problem''' $1$: For each infinite strictly increasing subsequence of $\Bbb N$ like $\{a_n\}$ assume $\{p_n\}$ & $\{q_n\}$ are infinite strictly increasing subsequences of $\Bbb P$ such that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,p_n$ is largest prime less than $a_n$ & $q_n$ is smallest prime greater than $a_n$ then discuss on the limit below: '"`UNIQ-MathJax17-QINU`"' There is an especial (not necessarily unique), infinite and proper subsequence in prime numbers that gives the map of all prime numbers. Alireza Badali 12:34, 28 April 2018 (CEST) == Some dissimilar conjectures == '''Algebraic analytical number theory''' Alireza Badali 16:51, 4 July 2018 (CEST) === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture Collatz conjecture] === The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics that concerns a sequence defined as follows: start with any positive integer $n$. Then each term is obtained from the previous term as follows: if the previous term is even, the next term is one half the previous term. Otherwise, the next term is $3$ times the previous term plus $1$. The conjecture is that no matter what value of $n$, the sequence will always reach $1$. The conjecture is named after German mathematician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Collatz Lothar Collatz], who introduced the idea in $1937$, two years after receiving his doctorate. It is also known as the $3n + 1$ conjecture. '''Theorem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_{\Bbb N})$ is a cyclic group with $e_{\Bbb N}=1$ & $\langle m_1\rangle=\langle m_2\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star_{\Bbb N})$ and $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a bijection such that $f(1)=1$ then $(\Bbb N,\star _f)$ is a cyclic group with: $e_f=1$ & $\langle f(m_1)\rangle=\langle f(m_2)\rangle=(\Bbb N,\star_f)$ & $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $f(m)\star _ff(n)=f(m\star_{\Bbb N}n)$ & $(f(n))^{-1}=f(n^{-1})$ that $n\star_{\Bbb N}n^{-1}=1$. I want make a group in accordance with [https://www.jasondavies.com/collatz-graph/ Collatz graph] but [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/334732/robert-frost $@$RobertFrost] from stackexchange site advised me in addition, it needs to be a torsion group because then it can be used to show convergence, meantime I like apply lines in the Euclidean plane $\Bbb R^2$ too. <small>Question $1$: What is function of this sequence on to natural numbers? $1,2,4,3,6,5,10,7,14,8,16,9,18,11,22,12,24,13,26,15,30,17,34,19,38,20,40,21,42,23,46,25,50,...$ such that we begin from $1$ and then write $2$ then $2\times2$ then $3$ then $2\times3$ then ... but if $n$ is even and previously we have written $0.5n$ and then $n$ then ignore $n$ and continue and write $n+1$ and then $2n+2$ and so on for example we have $1,2,4,3,6,5,10$ so after $10$ we should write $7,14,...$ because previously we have written $3,6$. :[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2779491/what-is-function-of-this-sequence-on-to-natural-numbers/2779815#2779815 Answer] given by [https://math.stackexchange.com/users/16397/r-e-s $@$r.e.s] from stackexchange site: Following is a definition of your sequence without using recursion. :Let $S=(S_0,S_1,S_2,\ldots)$ be the increasing sequence of positive integers that are expressible as either $2^e$ or as $o_1\cdot 2^{o_2}$, where $e$ is an even nonnegative integer, $o_1>1$ is an odd positive integer and $o_2$ is an odd positive integer. Thus '"`UNIQ-MathJax18-QINU`"' Let $\bar{S}$ be the complement of $S$ with respect to the positive integers; i.e., '"`UNIQ-MathJax19-QINU`"' Your sequence is then $T=(T_0,T_1,T_2,\ldots)$, where '"`UNIQ-MathJax20-QINU`"' :Thus $T=(1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 10, 7, 14, 8, 16, 9, 18, 11, 22, 12, 24, 13, 26, 15, 30, 17, 34, 19, 38, 20, \ldots).$ ---------------------------- :References: :Sequences $S,\bar{S},T$ are OEIS [http://oeis.org/A171945 A171945], [http://oeis.org/A053661 A053661], [http://oeis.org/A034701 A034701] respectively. These are all discussed in ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012365X11001427 The vile, dopey, evil and odious game players]''. -------------------------- :Sage code: def is_in_S(n): return ( (n.valuation(2) % 2 == 0) and (n.is_power_of(2)) ) or ( (n.valuation(2) % 2 == 1) and not(n.is_power_of(2)) ) S = [n for n in [1..50] if is_in_S(n)] S_ = [n for n in [1..50] if not is_in_S(n)] T = [] for i in range(max(len(S),len(S_))): if i % 2 == 0: T += [S[i/2]] else: T += [S_[(i-1)/2]] print S print S_ print T [1, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 30, 34, 38, 40, 42, 46, 50] [2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49] [1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 10, 7, 14, 8, 16, 9, 18, 11, 22, 12, 24, 13, 26, 15, 30, 17, 34, 19, 38, 20, 40, 21, 42, 23, 46, 25, 50]</small> <small>'''Theorem''' $2$: If $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ & $(\Bbb N,\star_2)$ are cyclic groups with generators respectively $u_1$ & $v_1$ and $u_2$ & $v_2$ then $C_1=\{(m,2m)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_1}=(1,2)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(m,2m)\star_{C_1}(n,2n)=(m\star_1n,2(m\star_1n))\\ (m,2m)^{-1}=(m^{-1},2\times m^{-1})\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star_1m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_1=\langle(u_1,2u_1)\rangle=\langle(v_1,2v_1)\rangle\end{cases}$ and $C_2=\{(3m-1,2m-1)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_2}=(2,1)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(3m-1,2m-1)\star_{C_2}(3n-1,2n-1)=(3(m\star_2n)-1,2(m\star_2n)-1)\\ (3m-1,2m-1)^{-1}=(3\times m^{-1}-1,2\times m^{-1}-1)\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star_2 m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_2=\langle(3u_2-1,2u_2-1)\rangle=\langle(3v_2-1,2v_2-1)\rangle\end{cases}$• :And let $C:=C_1\oplus C_2$ be external direct sum of the groups $C_1$ & $C_2$. '''Problem''' $1$: What are maximal subgroups of $C$?</small> '''Theorem''' $3$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with generators $u,v$ and identity element $e=1$ and $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb R$ is an injection then $(f(\Bbb N),\star_f)$ is a cyclic group with generators $f(u),f(v)$ and identity element $e_f=f(1)$ and operation law: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,$ $f(m)\star_ff(n)=f(m\star n)$ and inverse law: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ $(f(n))^{-1}=f(n^{-1})$ that $n\star n^{-1}=1$. <small>'''Suppose''' $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\qquad$ $\begin{cases} m\star 1=m\\ (4m)\star (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star (4m-1)\\ (4m-2)\star (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-2)\star (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\ (4m-2)\star (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m-2)\star (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\\ 3 & m=n+1\end{cases}\\ (4m)\star (4n)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m)\star (4n+1)=4m+4n\\ (4m+1)\star (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\\ \Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle=\langle 4\rangle\end{cases}$ and let $C_1=\{(m,2m)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_1}=(1,2)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\,(m,2m)\star_{C_1}(n,2n)=(m\star n,2(m\star n))\\ (m,2m)^{-1}=(m^{-1},2\times m^{-1})\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_1=\langle(2,4)\rangle=\langle(4,8)\rangle\end{cases}$ and $C_2=\{(3m-1,2m-1)\mid m\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} e_{C_2}=(2,1)\\ \\\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\, (3m-1,2m-1)\star_{C_2}(3n-1,2n-1)=(3(m\star n)-1,2(m\star n)-1)\\ (3m-1,2m-1)^{-1}=(3\times m^{-1}-1,2\times m^{-1}-1)\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star m^{-1}=1\\ \\C_2=\langle(5,3)\rangle=\langle(11,7)\rangle\end{cases}$. and let $C:=C_1\oplus C_2$ be external direct sum of the groups $C_1$ & $C_2$, '''Question''' $2$: What are maximal subgroups of $C$?</small> <small>'''Question''' $3$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with generators $u,v$ & identity element $1$ then could $(\Bbb N,\star_1)$ be another cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\\ e=1\\ m\star_1n=(2m)\star(2n) & \text{if } m,n\text{ aren't of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ (6m+4)\star_1n=(2m+1)\star(2n) & \text{if } n\text{ isn't of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ (6m+4)\star_1(6n+4)=(2m+1)\star(2n+1)\\ n^{-1}=k & \text{if } n\text{ isn't of the form } 6t+4,\,t\in\Bbb N,\,k\star(2n)^{-1}=1\\ (6m+4)^{-1}=k & k\star(2m+1)^{-1}=1\\ \Bbb N=\langle u_1\rangle=\langle v_1\rangle & \begin{cases} u_1=\begin{cases} 2k+1 & \text{if } u\text{ is of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ 2u & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}\\ v_1=\begin{cases} 2k+1 & \text{if } v\text{ is of the form } 6k+4,\,k\in\Bbb N\\ 2v & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}\end{cases}\end{cases}$ ? maybe.</small> Question $4$: Has any relation on the Collatz tree been discovered other than its definitions? In order to define a group structure on the [https://www.jasondavies.com/collatz-graph/ Collatz tree] I need such relations but other than its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture definitions], please introduce them (ideally suited a relation could be equivalent to its definition) if exist. if such a relation there was then via a group on $\Bbb N$, we could define a group on the Collatz tree. Alireza Badali 10:02, 12 May 2018 (CEST) === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Straus_conjecture Erdős–Straus conjecture] === '''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ and generators $a,b$ then $E=\{({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},{-4\over n+1},n)\mid x,y,z,n\in\Bbb N\}$ is an Abelian group with: $\forall x,y,z,n,x_1,y_1,z_1,n_1\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_E=(1,1,1,-2,1)=({1\over 1},{1\over 1},{1\over 1},{-4\over 1+1},1)\\ \\({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},{-4\over n+1},n)^{-1}=({1\over x^{-1}},{1\over y^{-1}},{1\over z^{-1}},\frac{-4}{n^{-1}+1},n^{-1})\quad\text{that}\\ x\star x^{-1}=1=y\star y^{-1}=z\star z^{-1}=n\star n^{-1}\\ \\({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},\frac{-4}{n+1},n)\star_E({1\over x_1},{1\over y_1},{1\over z_1},\frac{-4}{n_1+1},n_1)=(\frac{1}{x\star x_1},\frac{1}{y\star y_1},\frac{1}{z\star z_1},\frac{-4}{n\star {n_1}+1},n\star n_1)\\ \\E=\langle({1\over a},1,1,-2,1),(1,{1\over a},1,-2,1),(1,1,{1\over a},-2,1),(1,1,1,\frac{-4}{a+1},1),(1,1,1,-2,a)\rangle=\\ \langle({1\over b},1,1,-2,1),(1,{1\over b},1,-2,1),(1,1,{1\over b},-2,1),(1,1,1,\frac{-4}{b+1},1),(1,1,1,-2,b)\rangle\end{cases}$• Let $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with: $\begin{cases} n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\\Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle =\langle 3\rangle \end{cases}$ :Question: Is $E_0=\{({1\over x},{1\over y},{1\over z},\frac{-4}{n+1},n)\mid x,y,z,n\in\Bbb N,\, {1\over x}+{1\over y}+{1\over z}-{4\over n+1}=0\}$ a subgroup of $E$? Alireza Badali 17:34, 25 May 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-6--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s_problems Landaus forth problem] === Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem: there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form $a^2+b^4$. :I want use this theorem for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s_problems Landaus forth problem] but prime numbers properties have been applied for Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem hence no need to prime number theorem or its other forms or extensions. '''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ and generators $u,v$ then $F=\{(a^2,b^4)\mid a,b\in\Bbb N\}$ is a group with: $\forall a,b,c,d\in\Bbb N\,$ $\begin{cases} e_F=(1,1)\\ (a^2,b^4)\star_F(c^2,d^4)=((a\star c)^2,(b\star d)^4)\\ (a^2,b^4)^{-1}=((a^{-1})^2,(b^{-1})^4)\qquad\text{that}\quad a\star a^{-1}=1=b\star b^{-1}\\ F=\langle (1,u^4),(u^2,1)\rangle=\langle (1,v^4),(v^2,1)\rangle\end{cases}$ '''now''' let $H=\langle\{(a^2,b^4)\mid a,b\in\Bbb N,\,b\neq 1\}\rangle$ and $G=F/H$ is quotient group of $F$ by $H$. ($G$ is a group including prime numbers properties only of the form $1+n^2$.) and also $L=\{1+n^2\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is a cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=2=1+1^2\\ (1+n^2)\star_L(1+m^2)=1+(n\star m)^2\\ (1+n^2)^{-1}=1+(n^{-1})^2\quad\text{that}\;n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle 1+u^2\rangle=\langle 1+v^2\rangle\end{cases}$ but on the other hand we have: $L\simeq G$ hence we can apply $L$ instead $G$ of course since we are working on natural numbers generally we could consider from the beginning the group $L$ without involvement with the group $G$ anyhow. :Question $1$: For each neutral cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ then what are maximal subgroups of $L$? '''Guess''' $1$: For each cyclic group structure on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ then for each non-trivial subgroup of $\Bbb N$ like $T$ we have $T\cap\Bbb P\neq\emptyset$. :I think this guess must be proved via prime number theorem. '''For''' each neutral cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ if $L\cap\Bbb P=\{1+n_1^2,1+n_2^2,...,1+n_k^2\},\,k\in\Bbb N$ and if $A=\bigcap _{i=1}^k\langle 1+n_i^2\rangle$ so $\exists m\in\Bbb N$ that $A=\langle 1+m^2\rangle$ & $m\neq n_i$ for $i=1,2,3,...,k$ (intelligibly $k\gt1$) so we have: $A\cap\Bbb P=\emptyset$. :Question $2$: Is $A$ only unique greatest subgroup of $L$ such that $A\cap\Bbb P=\emptyset$? Alireza Badali 16:49, 28 May 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-7--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemoine%27s_conjecture Lemoine's conjecture] === '''Theorem''': If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ then $L=\{(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)\mid n,n_1,n_2,n_3\in\Bbb N,\,p_{n_i}$ is $n_i$_th prime for $i=1,2,3\}$ is an Abelian group with: $\forall n_1,n_2,n_3,n,m_1,m_2,m_3,m\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=(2,2,2,-7)=(2,2,2,-2\times 1-5)\\ \\(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)\star_L(p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_3},-2m-5)=(p_{n_1\star m_1},p_{n_2\star m_2},p_{n_3\star m_3},-2\times(n\star m)-5)\\ \\(p_{n_1},p_{n_2},p_{n_3},-2n-5)^{-1}=(p_{n_1^{-1}},p_{n^{-1}_2},p_{n_3^{-1}},-2\times n^{-1}-5)\quad\text{that}\\ n_1\star n_1^{-1}=1=n_2\star n_2^{-1}=n_3\star n_3^{-1}=n\star n^{-1}\\ \\L=\langle(p_u,2,2,-7),(2,p_u,2,-7),(2,2,p_u,-7),(2,2,2,-2u-5)\rangle=\\\langle(p_v,2,2,-7),(2,p_v,2,-7),(2,2,p_v,-7),(2,2,2,-2v-5)\rangle\end{cases}$• '''Theorem''': $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists (p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_3},-2n-5)\in(L,\star_L)$ such that $p_{m_1}+p_{m_2}+p_{m_3}-2n-5=0$. :Proof using Goldbach's weak conjecture. '''Question''': Is $L_0=\{(p_{m_1},p_{m_2},p_{m_2},-2n-5)\mid\forall m_1,m_2\in\Bbb N,\,\exists n\in\Bbb N,$ such that $p_{m_1}+2p_{m_2}-2n-5=0\}$ a subgroup of $L$? Alireza Badali 19:30, 3 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-8--QINU`"' Primes with beatty sequences === How can we understand $\infty$? we humans only can think on natural numbers and other issues are only theorizing, algebraic theories can be some features for this aim. [http://oeis.org/A184774 Conjecture]: If $r$ is an irrational number and $1\lt r\lt 2$, then there are infinitely many primes in the set $L=\{\text{floor}(n\cdot r)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$. '''Theorem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ and $r\in[1,2]\setminus\Bbb Q$ then $L=\{\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is another cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_L=1\\ \lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor\star_L\lfloor m\cdot r\rfloor=\lfloor (n\star m)\cdot r\rfloor\\ (\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor)^{-1}=\lfloor n^{-1}\cdot r\rfloor\qquad\text{that}\quad n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle\lfloor u\cdot r\rfloor\rangle=\langle\lfloor v\cdot r\rfloor\rangle\end{cases}$. :Guess $1$: $\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\lfloor n\cdot r\rfloor=\lfloor 1\cdot r\rfloor\star\lfloor 2\cdot r\rfloor\star\lfloor 3\cdot r\rfloor\star...\in\Bbb N$. The conjecture generalized: if $r$ is a positive irrational number and $h$ is a real number, then each of the sets $\{\text{floor}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$, $\{\text{round}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$, and $\{\text{ceiling}(n\cdot r+h)\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ contains infinitely many primes. '''Theorem''' $2$: If $(\Bbb N,\star)$ is a cyclic group with identity element $e=1$ & generators $u,v$ & $r$ is a positive irrational number & $h\in\Bbb R$ then $G=\{n\cdot r+h\mid n\in\Bbb N\}$ is another cyclic group with: $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$ $\begin{cases} e_G=\lfloor r+h\rfloor\\ \lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor\star_G\lfloor m\cdot r+h\rfloor=\lfloor (n\star m)\cdot r+h\rfloor\\ (\lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor)^{-1}=\lfloor n^{-1}\cdot r+h\rfloor\qquad\text{that}\quad n\star n^{-1}=1\\ L=\langle\lfloor u\cdot r+h\rfloor\rangle=\langle\lfloor v\cdot r+h\rfloor\rangle\end{cases}$. :Guess $2$: $\prod_{n=k}^{\infty}\lfloor n\cdot r+h\rfloor=\lfloor k\cdot r+h\rfloor\star\lfloor (k+1)\cdot r+h\rfloor\star\lfloor (k+2)\cdot r+h\rfloor\star...\in\Bbb N$ in which $\lfloor k\cdot r+h\rfloor\in\Bbb N$ & $\lfloor (k-1)\cdot r+h\rfloor\lt1$. Alireza Badali 19:09, 7 June 2018 (CEST) =='"`UNIQ--h-9--QINU`"' Conjectures depending on the new definitions of primes == '''Algebraic analytical number theory''' '''A problem''': For each cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,\star)$ find a new definition of prime numbers matching with the operation $\star$ in the group $(\Bbb N,\star)$. $\Bbb N$ is a cyclic group by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\ (\Bbb N,\star)=\langle2\rangle=\langle3\rangle\simeq(\Bbb Z,+)\end{cases}$ in the group $(\Bbb Z,+)$ an element $p\gt 1$ is a prime iff don't exist $m,n\in\Bbb Z$ such that $p=m\times n$ & $m,n\gt1$ for instance since $12=4\times3=3+3+3+3$ then $12$ isn't a prime but $13$ is a prime, now inherently must exists an equivalent definition for prime numbers in the $(\Bbb N,\star)$. prime number isn't an algebraic concept so we can not define primes by using isomorphism (and via algebraic equations primes can be defined) but since Gaussian integers contain all numbers of the form $m+ni,$ $m,n\in\Bbb N$ hence by using algebraic concepts we can solve some problems in number theory. :Question: what is definition of prime numbers in the $(\Bbb N,\star)$? Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-10--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_moat Gaussian moat problem] === Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-11--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_conjecture Grimm's conjecture] === Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-12--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppermann%27s_conjecture Oppermann's conjecture] === Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-13--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s_conjecture Legendre's conjecture] === Alireza Badali 18:13, 20 June 2018 (CEST) =='"`UNIQ--h-14--QINU`"' Conjectures depending on the ring theory == '''Algebraic analytical number theory''' '''An algorithm''' which makes new integral domains on $\Bbb N$: Let $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ be that integral domain then identity element $i$ will be corresponding with $1$ and multiplication of natural numbers will be obtained from multiplication of integers corresponding with natural numbers and of course each natural number like $m$ multiplied by a natural number corresponding with $-1$ will be $-m$ such that $m\star(-m)=1$ & $1\circ m=1$. for instance $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain with: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\\1\circ m=1\\ 2\circ m=m\\ 3\circ m=-m\qquad\text{that}\quad m\star (-m)=1\\ (2n)\circ(2m)=2mn\\ (2n+1)\circ(2m+1)=2mn\\ (2n)\circ(2m+1)=2mn+1\end{cases}$ :Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ an ''unique factorization domain'' or the same UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$? '''Question''' $2$: How can we make a UFD on $\Bbb N$? Question $3$: Under usual total order on $\Bbb N$, do there exist any integral domain $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb N\setminus\{1\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain? no. '''Guess''' $1$: For each integral domain $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ)$ there exists a total order on $\Bbb N$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb N\setminus\{1\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb N,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain. Professor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lagarias Jeffrey Clark Lagarias] advised me that you can apply group structure on $\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ instead only $\Bbb N$ and now I see his plan is useful on the field theory, now suppose we apply two algorithms above on $\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ hence we will have identity element for the group $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star)$ of the first algorithm is $0$ corresponding with $0$. :'''Problem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is a UFD then what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ and is $(\Bbb Q^{\ge0},\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\ {m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={-m\over n}\qquad m\star(-m)=0\end{cases}$• ::in addition under a total order relation, an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two natural numbers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division. Question $4$: Is $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ a UFD by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ e=0\\ (2m-1)\star(2m)=0\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m)\star(2n-1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n & 2m\gt 2n-1\\ 2n-2m-1 & 2n-1\gt 2m\end{cases}\\i=1\\ 0\circ m=0\\ 2\circ m=-m\quad m\star(-m)=0\\ (2m)\circ(2n)=2mn-1\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=2mn-1\\ (2m)\circ(2n-1)=2mn\end{cases}$ and what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ and also is $(\Bbb Q^{\ge0},\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={-m\over n}\qquad m\star(-m)=0\end{cases}$ :in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb N\cup\{0\},\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two natural numbers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division• <small>'''Conjecture''' $1$: Let $x$ be a positive real number, and let $\pi(x)$ denote the number of primes that are less than or equal to $x$ then '"`UNIQ-MathJax21-QINU`"'</small> :<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/37555/jan-christoph-schlage-puchta $@$Jan-ChristophSchlage-Puchta] from stackexchange site: The conjecture is obviously wrong. The numerator is at least $x/2$, the denominator is at most $e^u$, and $u\lt2\sqrt\log x$, so the limit is $\infty$.</small> ::<small>'''Problem''' $2$: Find a function $f:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R$ such that $\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{x-\pi(x)}{\pi(f(x))}=1$.</small> :::<small>Prime number theorem and its extensions or algebraic forms or corollaries allow us via infinity concept reach to some results.</small> :::<small>Prime numbers properties are stock in whole natural numbers including $\infty$ and not in any finite subset of $\Bbb N$ hence we can know them only in $\infty$, which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem prime number theorem] prepares it, but what does mean a cognition of prime numbers I think according to the [[distribution of prime numbers]], a cognition means only in $\infty$, this function $f$ can be such a cognition but only in $\infty$ because we have: '"`UNIQ-MathJax22-QINU`"' and I guess $f$ is to form of <big>$e^{g(x)}$</big> in which $g:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R$ is a radical logarithmic function or probably as a radical logarithmic series.</small> ::::<small>'''Conjecture''' $2$: Let $h:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R,\,h(x)=\frac{f(x)}{(\log x-1)\log(f(x))}$ then $\lim_{x\to\infty}{\pi(x)\over h(x)}=1$.</small> :::::<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/30186/wojowu $@$Wojowu] from stackexchange site: Since $x−\pi(x)\sim x$, you want $\pi(f(x))\sim x$, and $f(x)=x\log x$ works, and let $u=\log(x\log x)$.</small> ::::::<small>'''Problem''' $3$: Based on ''prime number theorem'' very large prime numbers are equivalent to the numbers of the form $n\cdot\log n,\,n\in\Bbb N$ hence I think a test could be made to check correctness of some conjectures or problems relating to the prime numbers, and maybe some functions such as $h$ prepares it!</small> :::::::<small>'''Question''' $5$: If $p_n$ is $n$_th prime number then does '"`UNIQ-MathJax23-QINU`"'</small> ::::::::<small>Answer given by [https://mathoverflow.net/users/2926/todd-trimble $@$ToddTrimble] from stackexchange site: The numerator is asymptotically greater than $n$, and the denominator is asymptotically less.</small> Alireza Badali 16:26, 26 June 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-15--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation Parallel universes] === '''An algorithm''' that makes new cyclic groups on $\Bbb Z$: Let $(\Bbb Z,\star)$ be that group and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ and then write integers with a fixed sequence below it, and let identity element $e=0$ be corresponding with $0$ and two generators $m$ & $n$ be corresponding with $1$ & $-1$, so we have $(\Bbb Z,\star)=\langle m\rangle=\langle n\rangle$ for instance: '"`UNIQ-MathJax24-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax25-QINU`"' then regarding the sequence above find a rotation number of the form $4t,\,t\in\Bbb N$ that for this sequence is $4$ (or $4t$) and hence equations should be written with module $2$ (or $2t$) then consider $2m-1,2m,-2m+1,-2m$ (that general form is: $km,km-1,km-2,...,$ $km-(k-1),-km,-km+1,-km+2,...,-km+(k-1)$) and make a table of products of those $4$ (or $4t$) elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers too and of course if integers corresponding with two numbers don't have same signs then product will be a piecewise-defined function for example $7\star(-10)=2$ $=(2\times4-1)\star(-2\times5)$ because $7+(-9)=-2,\,7\to7,\,-9\to-10,\,-2\to2$ that implies $(2m-1)\star(-2n)=2n-2m$ where $2n\gt 2m-1$, of course it is better at first members inverse be defined for example since $7+(-7)=0,\,7\to7,\,-7\to-8$ so $7\star(-8)=0$ that shows $(2m-1)\star(-2m)=0$ and with a little bit addition and multiplication all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is: $\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t\\ \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m)=0=(-2m+1)\star(2m)\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-2\\ (2m-1)\star(2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n-1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n-2 & 2n\gt 2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n+1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2n-2m+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m)\star(-2n+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2n-1\gt2m\\ 2m-2n & 2m\gt2n-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(-2n)=-2m-2n\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n+1)=-2m-2n+1\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n & 2n\gt2m-1\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-2m)\star(-2n)=2m+2n-2\\ \Bbb Z=\langle1\rangle=\langle-2\rangle\end{cases}$ '''An algorithm''' which makes new integral domains on $\Bbb Z$: Let $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ be that integral domain then identity element $i$ will be corresponding with $1$ and multiplication of integers will be obtained from multiplication of corresponding integers such that if $t:\Bbb Z\to\Bbb Z$ is a bijection that images top row on to bottom row respectively for instance in example above is seen $t(2)=-1$ & $t(-18)=18$ then we can write laws by using $t$ such as $(-2m+1)\circ(-2n)=$ $t(t^{-1}(-2m+1)\times t^{-1}(-2n))=t((2m)\times(-2n+1))=$ $t(-2\times(2mn-m))=$ $2\times(2mn-m)=4mn-2m$ and of course each integer like $m$ multiplied by an integer corresponding with $-1$ will be $n$ such that $m\star n=0$ & $0\circ m=0$ for instance $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is an integral domain with: $\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t\\ \forall m,n\in\Bbb N\\ (2m-1)\star(-2m)=0=(-2m+1)\star(2m)\\ (2m-1)\star(2n-1)=2m+2n-2\\ (2m-1)\star(2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n-1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n-2 & 2n\gt 2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n+1)=2m+2n-1\\ (2m-1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2n-2m+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt2m-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(2n)=2m+2n\\ (2m)\star(-2n+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2n-1\gt2m\\ 2m-2n & 2m\gt2n-1\end{cases}\\ (2m)\star(-2n)=-2m-2n\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n+1)=-2m-2n+1\\ (-2m+1)\star(-2n)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m-1\gt2n\\ 2m-2n & 2n\gt2m-1\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-2m)\star(-2n)=2m+2n-2\\ i=t(1)=1,\quad0\circ m=0,\quad m\star(t(-1)\circ m)=m\star(-2\circ m)=0\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n-1)=4mn-2m-2n+1\\ (2m-1)\circ(2n)=4mn-2n\\ (2m-1)\circ(-2n+1)=-4mn+2n+1\\ (2m-1)\circ(-2n)=-4mn+2m+2n-2\\ (2m)\circ(2n)=-4mn+1\\ (2m)\circ(-2n+1)=4mn\\ (2m)\circ(-2n)=-4mn+2m+1\\ (-2m+1)\circ(-2n+1)=-4mn+1\\ (-2m+1)\circ(-2n)=4mn-2m\\ (-2m)\circ(-2n)=4mn-2m-2n+1\end{cases}$ :Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ a UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$? is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$ • ::in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division• '''Problem''' $1$: If $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is a UFD then what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ and is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\ {m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$• :in addition under a total order relation, an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division• Question $2$: Under usual total order on $\Bbb Z$, do there exist any integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb Z\setminus\{0\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain? no. '''Guess''' $1$: For each integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ there exists a total order on $\Bbb Z$ and an Euclidean valuation $v:\Bbb Z\setminus\{0\}\to\Bbb N$ such that $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ,v)$ is an Euclidean domain. Alireza Badali 20:32, 9 July 2018 (CEST) ==='"`UNIQ--h-16--QINU`"' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_circle_problem Gauss circle problem] === <small>Given this sequence: '"`UNIQ-MathJax26-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-MathJax27-QINU`"' we have this integral domain $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ as: $\begin{cases} \forall t\in\Bbb Z,\quad t\star0=t,\quad\forall m,n\in\Bbb N,\\ (6m-5)\star(6m-4)=0=(6m-3)\star(-6m+3)=(-6m+5)\star(-6m+4)=(6m-2)\star(6m-1)=\\ =(6m)\star(-6m)=(-6m+2)\star(-6m+1)\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-5)=6m+6n-9\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-4)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-3)=-6m-6n+11\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-2)=6m+6n-6\\ (6m-5)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(6n)=-6m-6n+8\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-8\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-5\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n-3\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-6 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-5)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-5\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-4)=-6m-6n+9\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m & 6m-4\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n-3\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(6n-1)=-6m-6n+6\\ (6m-4)\star(6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+3 & 6m-4\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+4 & 6n\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+5)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-1 & 6m-4\gt6n-5\\ 6n-6m+3 & 6n-5\gt6m-4\\ 3 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+4)=6m+6n-7\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+10\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+6 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n+1)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-4)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+7\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-3)=6m+6n-8\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-2)=-6m-6n+8\\ (6m-3)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-3\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-1\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(6n)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-6\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-3\gt6n-4\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n-4\gt6m-3\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-3\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-3\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-3\gt6n-1\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n-1\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-3\gt6n\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(6n-2)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m-2)\star(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(6n)=-6m-6n+5\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-2\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n & 6n-4\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+3 & 6m-2\gt6n-3\\ 6n-6m-1 & 6n-3\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n-2\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-2\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(6n-1)=-6m-6n+3\\ (6m-1)\star(6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m & 6m-1\gt6n\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n\gt6m-1\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+5)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+2 & 6m-1\gt6n-5\\ 6n-6m & 6n-5\gt6m-1\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+4)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+7\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-1 & 6m-1\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+3 & 6n-2\gt6m-1\\ 3 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n+1)=6m+6n-1\\ (6m-1)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+4\\ (6m)\star(6n)=6m+6n-2\\ (6m)\star(-6n+5)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+3 & 6m\gt6n-4\\ 6n-6m-1 & 6n-4\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m-1 & 6m\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n+4 & 6n-3\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n+2)=6m+6n\\ (6m)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-1\gt6m\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m\gt6n\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n\gt6m\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+5)=-6m-6n+8\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+4)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-5\gt6n-4\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-4\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+3)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-5\gt6n-3\\ 6m-6n & 6n-3\gt6m-5\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+2)=-6m-6n+5\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+5 & 6m-5\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n-2 & 6n-1\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+5)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-5\gt6n\\ 6m-6n-3 & 6n\gt6m-5\end{cases}\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+4)=-6m-6n+7\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+3)=-6m-6n+6\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+4 & 6m-4\gt6n-2\\ 6m-6n-1 & 6n-2\gt6m-4\end{cases}\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+4\\ (-6m+4)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n+3\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+3)=6m+6n-7\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+2)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+3 & 6m-3\gt6n-2\\ 6n-6m+4 & 6n-2\gt6m-3\end{cases}\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+3\\ (-6m+3)\star(-6n)=6m+6n-4\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n+2)=-6m-6n+2\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6n-6m+2 & 6m-2\gt6n-1\\ 6m-6n+1 & 6n-1\gt6m-2\end{cases}\\ (-6m+2)\star(-6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+1 & 6m-2\gt6n\\ 6m-6n & 6n\gt6m-2\\ 1 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (-6m+1)\star(-6n+1)=-6m-6n+1\\ (-6m+1)\star(-6n)=-6m-6n\\ (-6m)\star(-6n)=6m+6n-1\\ t\circ1=t,\quad t\circ0=0,\quad t\star(2\circ t)=0\end{cases}$ $\begin{cases} (6m-5)\circ(6n-5)=36mn-30m-30n+25\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-4)=36mn-30m-30n+26\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-3)=36mn-24m-30n+21\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-30n+10\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-30n+11\\ (6m-5)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-30n+6\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+30n-13\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+30n-14\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+30n-21\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+30n+2\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+30n+1\\ (6m-5)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+30n-6\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-4)=36mn-30m-30n+25\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-3)=-36mn+24m+30n-21\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-30n+11\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-30n+10\\ (6m-4)\circ(6n)=-36mn+6m+30n-6\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+30n-14\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+30n-13\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-30n+21\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+30n+1\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+30n+2\\ (6m-4)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-30n+6\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-3)=36mn-24m-24n+16\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-24n+9\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n-1)=-36mn+12m+24n-9\\ (6m-3)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-24n+4\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+24n-10\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+24n-11\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-24n+17\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+24n+2\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+24n+1\\ (6m-3)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-24n+5\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n-2)=36mn-12m-12n+4\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-12n+5\\ (6m-2)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-12n+3\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+12n-4\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+12n-5\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+12n-9\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+12n+2\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+12n+1\\ (6m-2)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+12n-3\\ (6m-1)\circ(6n-1)=36mn-12m-12n+4\\ (6m-1)\circ(6n)=-36mn+6m+12n-3\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+12n-5\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+12n-4\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-12n+9\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+12n+1\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+12n+2\\ (6m-1)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-12n+3\\ (6m)\circ(6n)=36mn-6m-6n+1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+6n-1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+6n-2\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-6n+5\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+6n+2\\ (6m)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+6n+1\\ (6m)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-6n+2\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+5)=-36mn+18m+18n-7\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+18n-8\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+18n-11\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+18n+2\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+18n+1\\ (-6m+5)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+18n-2\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+4)=-36mn+18m+18n-7\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+3)=-36mn+24m+18n-10\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+18n+1\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+18n+2\\ (-6m+4)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+18n-1\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+3)=36mn-24m-24n+16\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+24n+1\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+24n+2\\ (-6m+3)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-24n+4\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n+2)=-36mn+2\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+1\\ (-6m+2)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+1\\ (-6m+1)\circ(-6n+1)=-36mn+2\\ (-6m+1)\circ(-6n)=-36mn+6m+2\\ (-6m)\circ(-6n)=36mn-6m-6n+1\end{cases}$ but some calculations are such as: $(6m-4)\circ(6n-3)=t(t^{-1}(6m-4)\times t^{-1}(6n-3))=t((-6m+5)\times(6n-4))=$ $t(-6(6mn-4m-5n+4)+4)=-6(6mn-4m-5n+4)+3=-36mn+24m+30n-21,$ $(6m-4)\circ(-6n+1)=$ $t(t^{-1}(6m-4)\times t^{-1}(-6n+1))=t((-6m+5)\times(-6n))=t(6(6mn-5n))=-6(6mn-5n)+2=-36mn+30n+2,$ $(-6m+1)\circ(-6n+1)=t(t^{-1}(-6m+1)\times t^{-1}(-6n+1))=t((-6m)\times(-6n))=t(6(6mn))=-6(6mn)+2=$ $-36mn+2$.</small> Question $1$: Is $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ a UFD? what are irreducible elements in $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$? is $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ a field by: $\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb Z,\,\,n\neq0\neq v\\ e_1=0,\qquad i_1=1\\{m\over n}\star_1{u\over v}=\frac{(m\circ v)\star(u\circ n)}{n\circ v}\\ {m\over n}\circ_1{u\over v}=\frac{m\circ u}{n\circ v}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={n\over m}\,\qquad m\neq0\\ -({m\over n})={w\over n}\qquad\,\,\,m\star w=0\end{cases}$ :in addition an unique & specific division algorithm like this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm one] in accordance with $(\Bbb Z,\star,\circ)$ is needed which given two integers $m$ and $n$, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division• '''Problem''' $1$: Reinterpret (possibly via matrices) ''Gauss circle problem'' under the field $(\Bbb Q,\star_1,\circ_1)$ (not in whole $\Bbb R$).
Alireza Badali 00:49, 25 June 2018 (CEST)
How to Cite This Entry:
Musictheory2math. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Musictheory2math&oldid=42906