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Any sub-semi-group of a symmetric [[Semi-group|semi-group]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937401.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937402.png" /> is the set of all transformations of a set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937403.png" />. Particular cases of transformation semi-groups are transformation groups (cf. [[Transformation group|Transformation group]]).
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Any sub-semi-group of a symmetric [[semi-group]] $T_\Omega$, where $T_\Omega$ is the set of all transformations of a set $\Omega$. Particular cases of transformation semi-groups are transformation groups (cf. [[Transformation group]]).
  
Two transformation semi-groups <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937404.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937405.png" /> are called similar if there are bijections <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937406.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937407.png" /> such that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937408.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t0937409.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374010.png" />) implies <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374011.png" />. Similar transformation semi-groups are isomorphic, but the converse is, usually, not true. However, within some classes of transformation semi-groups isomorphism implies similarity. E.g., the class of transformation semi-groups that include all transformations <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374012.png" /> such that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374013.png" /> consists of one element. The specification of a semi-group as a transformation semi-group includes more information than its specification up to isomorphism.
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Two transformation semi-groups $P_1 \subset T_{\Omega_1}$, $P_2 \subset T_{\Omega_2}$ are called ''similar'' if there are bijections $\phi : \Omega_1 \rightarrow \Omega_2$ and $\psi : P_1 \rightarrow P_2$ such that $u\alpha = \beta$ ($\alpha, \beta \in \Omega_1$, $u \in P_1$) implies $(\psi u) (\phi\alpha) = \phi\beta$. Similar transformation semi-groups are isomorphic, but the converse is, usually, not true. However, within some classes of transformation semi-groups isomorphism implies similarity. E.g., the class of transformation semi-groups that include all transformations $u$ such that $u\Omega$ consists of one element. The specification of a semi-group as a transformation semi-group includes more information than its specification up to isomorphism.
  
Distinguishing properties of transformation semi-groups that are invariant under isomorphism is of prime importance. For a given class <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374014.png" /> of transformation semi-groups, conditions under which a semi-group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374015.png" /> is isomorphic to some semi-group from <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374016.png" /> are called abstract characteristics of the class <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374017.png" />. Abstract characteristics for certain important classes of transformation semi-groups have been found. Every semi-group is isomorphic to some transformation semi-group. A semi-group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374018.png" /> is isomorphic to some symmetric semi-group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374019.png" /> if it is a maximal complete ideal extension (cf. [[Extension of a semi-group|Extension of a semi-group]]) of any semi-group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374020.png" /> with the identity <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374021.png" />.
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Distinguishing properties of transformation semi-groups that are invariant under isomorphism is of prime importance. For a given class $\Gamma$ of transformation semi-groups, conditions under which a semi-group $S$ is isomorphic to some semi-group from $\Gamma$ are called abstract characteristics of the class $\Gamma$. Abstract characteristics for certain important classes of transformation semi-groups have been found. Every semi-group is isomorphic to some transformation semi-group. A semi-group $S$ is isomorphic to some symmetric semi-group $T_\Omega$ if it is a maximal complete ideal extension (cf. [[Extension of a semi-group|Extension of a semi-group]]) of any semi-group $A$ with the identity $xy=x$.
  
One distinguishes directions in the general theory of transformation semi-groups in which the set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374022.png" /> to be transformed is endowed with a certain structure (a topology, an action, a relation in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374023.png" />, etc.) and considers transformation semi-groups related to this structure (endomorphisms, continuous or linear transformations, [[Translations of semi-groups|translations of semi-groups]], etc.). The study of relations between properties of the structure in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374024.png" /> and properties of the semi-groups of corresponding transformations is a generalization of Galois theory. In particular, cases are known in which the indicated translation semi-group completely determines the structure (cf. e.g. [[Endomorphism semi-group|Endomorphism semi-group]]). Properties of left and right translations of semi-groups are used in general semi-group theory.
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One distinguishes directions in the general theory of transformation semi-groups in which the set $\omega$ to be transformed is endowed with a certain structure (a topology, an action, a relation in $\Omega$, etc.) and considers transformation semi-groups related to this structure (endomorphisms, continuous or linear transformations, [[translations of semi-groups]], etc.). The study of relations between properties of the structure in $\Omega$ and properties of the semi-groups of corresponding transformations is a generalization of [[Galois theory]]. In particular, cases are known in which the indicated translation semi-group completely determines the structure (cf. e.g. [[Endomorphism semi-group]]). Properties of left and right translations of semi-groups are used in general semi-group theory.
  
A generalization of the notion of a transformation is that of a partial transformation, mapping some subset <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374025.png" /> into <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374026.png" />. Binary relations on a set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093740/t09374027.png" /> are sometimes treated as multi-valued (in general, partial) transformations of this set. Single- and multi-valued partial transformations also form semi-groups under the operation of composition (regarded as multiplication of binary relations). It is expedient to regard them as semi-groups endowed with additional structures (e.g. the relation of inclusion of binary relations, inclusion or equality of domains of definition, inclusion or equality of ranges, etc.).
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A generalization of the notion of a transformation is that of a partial transformation, mapping some subset $\Omega' \subset \Omega$ into $\Omega$. Binary relations on a set $\Omega$ are sometimes treated as multi-valued (in general, partial) transformations of this set. Single- and multi-valued partial transformations also form semi-groups under the operation of composition (regarded as multiplication of binary relations). It is expedient to regard them as semi-groups endowed with additional structures (e.g. the relation of inclusion of binary relations, inclusion or equality of domains of definition, inclusion or equality of ranges, etc.).
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  E.S. Lyapin,  "Semigroups" , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1974)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.H. Clifford,  G.B. Preston,  "Algebraic theory of semi-groups" , '''1–2''' , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1961–1967)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L.M. Gluskin,  "Ideals of semigroups"  ''Mat. Sb.'' , '''55''' :  4  (1961)  pp. 421–428  (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  B.M. Schein,  "Relation algebras and function semigroups"  ''Semigroup Forum'' , '''1''' :  1  (1970)  pp. 1–62</TD></TR></table>
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<table>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  E.S. Lyapin,  "Semigroups" , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1974)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.H. Clifford,  G.B. Preston,  "Algebraic theory of semi-groups" , '''1–2''' , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1961–1967)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L.M. Gluskin,  "Ideals of semigroups"  ''Mat. Sb.'' , '''55''' :  4  (1961)  pp. 421–428  (In Russian)</TD></TR>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  B.M. Schein,  "Relation algebras and function semigroups"  ''Semigroup Forum'' , '''1''' :  1  (1970)  pp. 1–62</TD></TR>
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</table>
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 +
{{TEX|done}}

Latest revision as of 19:29, 19 December 2015

Any sub-semi-group of a symmetric semi-group $T_\Omega$, where $T_\Omega$ is the set of all transformations of a set $\Omega$. Particular cases of transformation semi-groups are transformation groups (cf. Transformation group).

Two transformation semi-groups $P_1 \subset T_{\Omega_1}$, $P_2 \subset T_{\Omega_2}$ are called similar if there are bijections $\phi : \Omega_1 \rightarrow \Omega_2$ and $\psi : P_1 \rightarrow P_2$ such that $u\alpha = \beta$ ($\alpha, \beta \in \Omega_1$, $u \in P_1$) implies $(\psi u) (\phi\alpha) = \phi\beta$. Similar transformation semi-groups are isomorphic, but the converse is, usually, not true. However, within some classes of transformation semi-groups isomorphism implies similarity. E.g., the class of transformation semi-groups that include all transformations $u$ such that $u\Omega$ consists of one element. The specification of a semi-group as a transformation semi-group includes more information than its specification up to isomorphism.

Distinguishing properties of transformation semi-groups that are invariant under isomorphism is of prime importance. For a given class $\Gamma$ of transformation semi-groups, conditions under which a semi-group $S$ is isomorphic to some semi-group from $\Gamma$ are called abstract characteristics of the class $\Gamma$. Abstract characteristics for certain important classes of transformation semi-groups have been found. Every semi-group is isomorphic to some transformation semi-group. A semi-group $S$ is isomorphic to some symmetric semi-group $T_\Omega$ if it is a maximal complete ideal extension (cf. Extension of a semi-group) of any semi-group $A$ with the identity $xy=x$.

One distinguishes directions in the general theory of transformation semi-groups in which the set $\omega$ to be transformed is endowed with a certain structure (a topology, an action, a relation in $\Omega$, etc.) and considers transformation semi-groups related to this structure (endomorphisms, continuous or linear transformations, translations of semi-groups, etc.). The study of relations between properties of the structure in $\Omega$ and properties of the semi-groups of corresponding transformations is a generalization of Galois theory. In particular, cases are known in which the indicated translation semi-group completely determines the structure (cf. e.g. Endomorphism semi-group). Properties of left and right translations of semi-groups are used in general semi-group theory.

A generalization of the notion of a transformation is that of a partial transformation, mapping some subset $\Omega' \subset \Omega$ into $\Omega$. Binary relations on a set $\Omega$ are sometimes treated as multi-valued (in general, partial) transformations of this set. Single- and multi-valued partial transformations also form semi-groups under the operation of composition (regarded as multiplication of binary relations). It is expedient to regard them as semi-groups endowed with additional structures (e.g. the relation of inclusion of binary relations, inclusion or equality of domains of definition, inclusion or equality of ranges, etc.).

References

[1] E.S. Lyapin, "Semigroups" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1974) (Translated from Russian)
[2] A.H. Clifford, G.B. Preston, "Algebraic theory of semi-groups" , 1–2 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1961–1967)
[3] L.M. Gluskin, "Ideals of semigroups" Mat. Sb. , 55 : 4 (1961) pp. 421–428 (In Russian)
[4] B.M. Schein, "Relation algebras and function semigroups" Semigroup Forum , 1 : 1 (1970) pp. 1–62
How to Cite This Entry:
Transformation semi-group. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Transformation_semi-group&oldid=16990
This article was adapted from an original article by L.M. GluskinE.S. Lyapin (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article