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'''Summary''' Author of the monumental ''Histoire Naturelle'', Buffon also
13 KB (2,017 words) - 09:45, 15 August 2023
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'''Summary'''. Active in many area of science, notably mathematics,
13 KB (1,945 words) - 10:52, 25 February 2024
...hic. In other words, the variety of all heaps is equivalent to the variety of all groups.
...ho_3]=\rho_1\rho_2^{-1}\rho_3$. The set of all invertible partial mappings of $A$ into $B$ is also closed with respect to the triple multiplication and i
5 KB (740 words) - 14:12, 12 November 2023
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'''Summary.''' Slutsky contributed to the understanding of stochastic
9 KB (1,322 words) - 16:31, 4 March 2024
...ion of elementary methods is extended by bringing in the simplest elements of mathematical analysis. Traditionally, proofs are deemed to be non-elementar
...elementary solution of some problem, one also finds an elementary solution of it.
13 KB (2,043 words) - 20:28, 13 October 2014
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especially concerning its use in actuarial mathematics. He headed the British
14 KB (2,270 words) - 18:15, 13 August 2023
$#C+1 = 37 : ~/encyclopedia/old_files/data/C025/C.0205340 Constructive mathematics,
''constructive trend in mathematics''
20 KB (2,913 words) - 07:40, 14 August 2023
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Dalmatia, who developed in 1760 a simple geometrical method of fitting a
10 KB (1,609 words) - 18:41, 6 March 2024
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prominent exponent of 19th
16 KB (2,329 words) - 12:09, 28 October 2023
...inear functions or polynomials, and it is in fact such functions which are of interest, more than other functions, in applications.
be defined in some neighbourhood of a point $ x _ {0} $.
37 KB (5,252 words) - 11:45, 26 March 2023
...c propositions of geometry and other branches of mathematics, on the basis of which all the theories are developed in a rigorously logical fashion.
...equal; and 5) the whole is greater than any of its parts (in some editions of the Elements there are four additional axioms).
9 KB (1,351 words) - 20:43, 26 November 2016
Out of 93 formulas, 91 were replaced by TEX code.-->
...uch media and more exactly, to the [[Spectral analysis|spectral analysis]] of the [[Schrödinger equation|Schrödinger equation]] with a periodic potenti
16 KB (2,451 words) - 17:45, 1 July 2020
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Neyman, made fundamental contributions to the theory of hypothesis testing.
11 KB (1,680 words) - 16:32, 24 March 2023
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of a calculus of probabilities to contain a form of local
19 KB (3,099 words) - 16:34, 14 August 2023
A [[recursive sequence]] of integers in which each term is the sum of the two preceding.
...onacci numbers were produced for the first time in 1228 in the manuscripts of Leonardo da Pisa (Fibonacci).
6 KB (943 words) - 20:43, 23 November 2023
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introduction of quantitative methods into psychology. He also developed a
16 KB (2,419 words) - 16:35, 14 August 2023
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'''Summary.''' Malthus was a pivotal figure in the development of
9 KB (1,317 words) - 12:34, 25 March 2023
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Bernoulli, together with his brother Johann one of the pioneers of the
16 KB (2,550 words) - 08:45, 25 March 2023
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original ways ways the application of the probability calculus to statistical
13 KB (1,926 words) - 18:33, 17 April 2024
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...s or robotic satellites. Astrophysics is the study of the intrinsic nature of astronomical bodies and the processes by which they interact and evolve. Th
14 KB (1,878 words) - 07:23, 13 March 2016
...erations performed on numbers. The properties of integers form the subject of number theory (cf. [[Elementary number theory|Elementary number theory]]; [
...rmed on objects of very different kinds: "matrix arithmetic" , "arithmetic of quadratic forms" , etc.
20 KB (3,091 words) - 18:48, 5 April 2020
...teristics of (uniformly) continuous functions. The modulus of a continuity of a continuous function $f:\mathbb R^n \supset E \to \mathbb R^k$ is given by
...modulus of continuity was introduced by H. Lebesgue in 1910 for functions of one real variable, although in essence the concept was known earlier. The d
6 KB (907 words) - 21:19, 14 January 2021
...r the solution of a given infinite series of problems of a given type, and of finding such an algorithm if it exists.
...portant nevertheless, since it makes it possible to speak of unsolvability of given algorithms in a wide sense, which is generally understood by mathemat
21 KB (3,264 words) - 06:46, 26 March 2023
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'''Summary.''' A man of many talents, Professor (at the Copenhagen
11 KB (1,576 words) - 19:39, 7 October 2023
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'''Summary''' Chebyshev is regarded as the founder of the St. Petersburg School
12 KB (1,774 words) - 20:00, 7 March 2024
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and as critic (indeed as polemicist) that he is known to history.
13 KB (1,939 words) - 18:16, 13 August 2023
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'''Summary'''. D'Alembert's doubts concerning the calculus of probabilities
11 KB (1,657 words) - 20:48, 21 December 2023
of Hermitian operators (cf. also [[Semi-group of operators|Semi-group of operators]]) on a [[Hilbert space|Hilbert space]] $ L _ {2} ( X, \mu ) $
...nces|[a9]]] to prove that the Hamiltonian operators arising in some models of [[Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]] are bounded below. In the imp
12 KB (1,715 words) - 22:11, 5 June 2020
$#C+1 = 33 : ~/encyclopedia/old_files/data/A011/A.0101910 Algorithms, theory of
...he concept of an algorithm more precise by the introduction of the concept of a [[Normal algorithm|normal algorithm]] [[#References|[10]]]. A.N. Kolmogor
19 KB (2,846 words) - 16:10, 1 April 2020
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co-founder,together with Gheorghe Mihoc (1906-1981), of the Romanian
12 KB (1,840 words) - 20:30, 6 March 2024
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'''Summary.''' Pastor Süssmilch was the German ancestor of demographic
12 KB (1,830 words) - 06:51, 8 October 2023
An area of mathematics concerned with geometric figures on a sphere, in the same way as planimetry
...circle as section; if the intersecting plane passes through the centre $O$ of the sphere, then a so-called great circle is obtained as the intersection.
8 KB (1,389 words) - 15:53, 19 April 2014
...many concepts in abstract group theory have had their origin in the theory of finite groups.
...fficult task for the best modern computers. In general, the classification of finite $ p $-
12 KB (1,742 words) - 09:10, 4 July 2020
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is best known for his important proof of the central limit theorem.
12 KB (1,787 words) - 12:11, 28 October 2023
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socialists and slums, Bowley, a pioneer in the development of
14 KB (2,127 words) - 11:11, 20 March 2023
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<ref> Abridged version of an article
23 KB (3,421 words) - 16:34, 24 March 2023
...Three kinds of such problems were particularly important in the history of mathematics.
...y the method of exhaustion (cf. [[Exhaustion, method of|Exhaustion, method of]]), in which infinitesimal quantities are used merely to prove that two giv
22 KB (3,357 words) - 17:34, 1 January 2021
...which are sought for in the algebraic integers of some algebraic extension of the field $ \mathbf Q $
of rational numbers, of the field of $ p $-adic numbers, etc.
18 KB (2,685 words) - 08:57, 18 August 2022
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Von Mises was principally known for his work on the foundations of
17 KB (2,521 words) - 14:28, 15 August 2023
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and originality in economic theory and policy, made him one of the most
17 KB (2,523 words) - 19:38, 21 March 2023
...ular, continuous, piecewise-linear or smooth (diffeomorphisms); imbeddings of one object into another and also immersions (local imbeddings). (cf. [[Home
...the mapping is a homomorphism, an imbedding or an immersion at any moment of time.
19 KB (2,788 words) - 09:43, 28 October 2023
...ighted by the author(s), the article has been donated to ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', and its further issues are under ''Creative Commons Attribution Share-Al
...d application of random processes. His textbook influenced the development of probability and statistics internationally.
13 KB (1,874 words) - 18:35, 8 March 2024
...as a unit" . Rigorous theories of real numbers were constructed at the end of the 19th century by K. Weierstrass, G. Cantor and R. Dedekind.
Real numbers form a non-empty totality of elements which contains more than one element and displays the following pr
26 KB (4,086 words) - 09:51, 4 April 2020
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'''Summary.''' Arguably the Father of Modern Statistics, Graunt produced
7 KB (1,078 words) - 09:01, 18 March 2023
...l equations. A limit cycle corresponds to a periodic non-constant solution of the system.
...er the cycle, which may require some quite detailed knowledge of the shape of the cycle itself.
7 KB (1,059 words) - 09:14, 1 October 2023
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of a classical education, Edgeworth made contributions to the moral
14 KB (2,144 words) - 13:23, 18 March 2023
...ighted by the author(s), the article has been donated to ''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', and its further issues are under ''Creative Commons Attribution Share-Al
'''Summary.''' Unacknowledged in his own times as founder of mathematical
13 KB (1,947 words) - 18:43, 4 March 2024
...: ~/encyclopedia/old_files/data/A013/A.0103000 Approximation of functions of a complex variable
...n conformal mapping, integral representation, potential theory, the theory of function algebras, etc., play an important role in approximation theory.
18 KB (2,637 words) - 07:20, 26 March 2023
Out of 120 formulas, 118 were replaced by TEX code.-->
''Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice''
22 KB (3,495 words) - 17:46, 1 July 2020
Out of 61 formulas, 61 were replaced by TEX code.-->
...statics, that is, without rapid time variations), which arises from a set of physical laws known as the [[Maxwell equations|Maxwell equations]]. Electro
13 KB (1,991 words) - 12:50, 17 March 2023