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An inequality on [[Real analytic function|real analytic functions]] proved by S. Lojasiewicz in {{Cite|Lo}} (see also [[Liouville-Lojasiewicz inequality]]). One form of the inequality states the following.
 
An inequality on [[Real analytic function|real analytic functions]] proved by S. Lojasiewicz in {{Cite|Lo}} (see also [[Liouville-Lojasiewicz inequality]]). One form of the inequality states the following.
  
 
'''Theorem 1'''
 
'''Theorem 1'''
Consider an open set $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ and an analytic function $f:\mathbb U \to \mathbb R$. Then for every open set $V\subset\subset U$ there is a positive $\alpha>0$ such that
+
Consider an open set $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ and an analytic function $f:U \to \mathbb R$. Let $Z_f$ denote the zeros of $f$. Then for every compact set $K\subset U$ there are positive constants $\alpha$ and $C$ such that
 
\begin{equation}\label{e:Loj1}
 
\begin{equation}\label{e:Loj1}
{\rm dist}\, (x, Z_f)^\alpha \leq f(x) \qquad \qquad \forall x \in V.
+
{\rm dist}\, (x, Z_f)^\alpha \leq C |f(x)| \qquad \qquad \forall x \in K.
 
\end{equation}
 
\end{equation}
  
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====Comments====
 
====Comments====
 
Observe that
 
Observe that
* If we know \eqref{e:Loj2}, we can remove the constant $C$ by restricting the inequality to a smaller neighborhood $W$ of $V$ and substituing $\theta$ with a larger exponent. However, the inequality is usually stated as above since in several applications it is convenient to have the smallest possible exponent $\theta$.  
+
* If we know \eqref{e:Loj2}, we can remove the constant $C$ by restricting the inequality to a smaller neighborhood $W$ of $x$ and substituing $\theta$ with a larger exponent. However, the inequality is usually stated as above since in several applications it is convenient to have the smallest possible exponent $\theta$.  
 
* For $n=1$ it is very easy to prove both \eqref{e:Loj1} and \eqref{e:Loj2} using the power expansion of $f$. More precisely, if the function is not constant, then there is a smallest $N\geq 1$ such that $f^{(N)} (x)\neq 0$. We can then write
 
* For $n=1$ it is very easy to prove both \eqref{e:Loj1} and \eqref{e:Loj2} using the power expansion of $f$. More precisely, if the function is not constant, then there is a smallest $N\geq 1$ such that $f^{(N)} (x)\neq 0$. We can then write
 
\[
 
\[
Line 50: Line 50:
 
'''Remark 3'''
 
'''Remark 3'''
 
Further important remarks:
 
Further important remarks:
* By the argument above we draw the important conclusion that, if $\nabla f (x) =0$, then the exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is necessarily not smaller than $\frac{1}{2}$.
+
* By the argument above we draw the important conclusion that the exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is necessarily not smaller than $\frac{1}{2}$.
 
* The inequality \eqref{e:Loj2} can be shown to hold with $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$ when $D^2 f (x)$ is invertible, i.e. $x$ is a non-degenerate [[Critical point|critical point]]: the inequality is indeed a simple consequence of the [[Morse lemma]] and the analyticity assumption is superfluous ($f\in C^2$ is sufficient to apply the [[Morse lemma]]).
 
* The inequality \eqref{e:Loj2} can be shown to hold with $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$ when $D^2 f (x)$ is invertible, i.e. $x$ is a non-degenerate [[Critical point|critical point]]: the inequality is indeed a simple consequence of the [[Morse lemma]] and the analyticity assumption is superfluous ($f\in C^2$ is sufficient to apply the [[Morse lemma]]).
  
Line 61: Line 61:
  
 
'''Lemma 4'''
 
'''Lemma 4'''
Assume $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ is open, $f: U \to \mathbb R$ is a $C^1$ function and $x:[0, \infty[\to \mathbb R^n$ is a solution of \eqref{e:gradient_flow}. Assume the existence of a sequence $t_n\to \infty$ such that $x (t_n)$ converges to a critical point $\bar{x}$ of $f$ which satisfies \eqref{e:Loj2} for some $\theta \in ]0,1[$ in some neighborhood $V$. Then
+
Assume $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ is open, $f: U \to \mathbb R$ is a $C^2$ function and $x:[0, \infty[\to U$ is a solution of \eqref{e:gradient_flow}. Assume the existence of a sequence $t_n\to \infty$ such that $x (t_n)$ converges to a critical point $\bar{x}$ of $f$ which satisfies \eqref{e:Loj2} for some $\theta \in ]0,1[$ in some neighborhood $V$. Then
 
\[
 
\[
 
\lim_{t\to \infty} x(t) = \bar{x}\, .
 
\lim_{t\to \infty} x(t) = \bar{x}\, .
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Corollary 5 can be shown to fail under the assumption $f\in C^\infty$. The exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is related to the rate of convergence of $x(t)$ to $\bar{x}$ in Lemma 4. In particular, if $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that
 
Corollary 5 can be shown to fail under the assumption $f\in C^\infty$. The exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is related to the rate of convergence of $x(t)$ to $\bar{x}$ in Lemma 4. In particular, if $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that
 
\[
 
\[
|x(t) - \bar{x}|\leq e^{\bar{C} t}\, .
+
|x(t) - \bar{x}|\leq e^{- \bar{C} t}\,  
 
\]  
 
\]  
 +
for some $\bar{C}>0$.
 
If $\theta > \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that
 
If $\theta > \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that
 
\[
 
\[
|x(t)-\bar{x}| \leq \frac{C}{t^\alpha}\, ,
+
|x(t)-\bar{x}| \leq \frac{\bar{C}}{t^\alpha}\, ,
 
\]
 
\]
where the epxonent $\alpha$ can be explicitely computed from $\theta$. Cf. {{Cite|Si2}}.
+
where the epxonent $\alpha$ can be explicitly computed from $\theta$. Cf. {{Cite|Si2}}.
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
 
{|
 
{|
 
|-
 
|-
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Ensembles semi-analytiques", preprint IHES, 1965
+
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Ensembles semi-analytiques", preprint IHES (1965)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo2}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Sur les trajectoires du gradient d’une fonction analytique", ''Seminari di Geometria'', Bologna (1982/83), Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna (1984), pp. 115–117
 
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo2}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Sur les trajectoires du gradient d’une fonction analytique", ''Seminari di Geometria'', Bologna (1982/83), Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna (1984), pp. 115–117
 
|-
 
|-
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Une  propriété  topologique  des  sous  ensembles  analytiques  réels", ''Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S'' '''117'''. Les Équations aux Dérivées Partielles, (1963) 87-89
+
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Lo3}}|| S. Łojasiewicz, "Une  propriété  topologique  des  sous  ensembles  analytiques  réels", ''Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S'' '''117'''. Les Équations aux Dérivées Partielles, (1963) 87-89
 
|-
 
|-
 
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Si}}|| L. Simon, "Asymptotics for a class of non-linear evolution equations, with applications to geometric problems", ''Ann. Math.'' '''118''' (1983), pp. 525-571
 
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Si}}|| L. Simon, "Asymptotics for a class of non-linear evolution equations, with applications to geometric problems", ''Ann. Math.'' '''118''' (1983), pp. 525-571
 
|-
 
|-
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Si1}}|| L. Simon, "Theorems on regularity and singularity of energy minimizing maps" ''Lectures in Mathematics. ETH Zürich.'' Birkhäuser, Basel (1996).
+
|valign="top"|{{Ref|Si2}}|| L. Simon, "Theorems on regularity and singularity of energy minimizing maps" ''Lectures in Mathematics. ETH Zürich.'' Birkhäuser, Basel (1996)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 21:21, 14 January 2021

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 14P15 Secondary: 14P05 [MSN][ZBL]

An inequality on real analytic functions proved by S. Lojasiewicz in [Lo] (see also Liouville-Lojasiewicz inequality). One form of the inequality states the following.

Theorem 1 Consider an open set $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ and an analytic function $f:U \to \mathbb R$. Let $Z_f$ denote the zeros of $f$. Then for every compact set $K\subset U$ there are positive constants $\alpha$ and $C$ such that \begin{equation}\label{e:Loj1} {\rm dist}\, (x, Z_f)^\alpha \leq C |f(x)| \qquad \qquad \forall x \in K. \end{equation}

A different form of the inequality is often used in analysis and is also called Lojasiewicz inequality (sometimes Lojasiewicz gradient inequality)

Theorem 2 Let $U$ and $f$ be as above. For every critical point $x\in U$ of $f$ there is a neighborhood $V$ of $x$, an exponent $\theta\in [\frac{1}{2},1[$ and a constant $C$ such that \begin{equation}\label{e:Loj2} |f(x)-f(y)|^\theta \leq C |\nabla f (y)| \qquad \qquad \forall y\in V\, . \end{equation}

Comments

Observe that

  • If we know \eqref{e:Loj2}, we can remove the constant $C$ by restricting the inequality to a smaller neighborhood $W$ of $x$ and substituing $\theta$ with a larger exponent. However, the inequality is usually stated as above since in several applications it is convenient to have the smallest possible exponent $\theta$.
  • For $n=1$ it is very easy to prove both \eqref{e:Loj1} and \eqref{e:Loj2} using the power expansion of $f$. More precisely, if the function is not constant, then there is a smallest $N\geq 1$ such that $f^{(N)} (x)\neq 0$. We can then write

\[ f(y) - f(x) = \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{f^{(k)} (x)}{k!} (y-x)^k \] for $y$ in a neighborhood of $x$. Choosing $r$ sufficiently small we easily conclude \[ 2 \left|\frac{f^{(N)} (x)}{N!}\right| |y-x|^N\geq |f(y) - f(x)| \geq \frac{1}{2}\left|\frac{f^{(N)} (x)}{N!}\right| |y-x|^N \qquad \forall y\in ]x-r, x+r[\, . \] Next, assuming that $f' (x) = 0$ (i.e. $N>1$) we also conclude, for $r$ sufficiently small \[ |f'(y)|\geq \frac{1}{2} \left|\frac{f^{(N)} (x)}{(N-1)!}\right| |y-x|^{N-1} \] and we conclude \eqref{e:Loj2} with \[ \theta = \frac{N-1}{N} \] The inequalities are however rather difficult to prove when $n>1$.

  • The classical example of a $C^\infty$ function which is not real analytic shows that the analyticity assumption is necessary. Indeed consider

\[ f(x) =\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} e^{-\frac{1}{|x|}} \qquad&\mbox{for } x\neq 0\\ 0 &\mbox{for } x=0 \end{array}\right. \] It can be easily checked that $f\in C^\infty$ and that $Z_f = \{0\}$. It is also obvious that \eqref{e:Loj1} fails in any neighborhood of $0$ and that Theorem 2 does not hold at $x=0$.

Remark 3 Further important remarks:

  • By the argument above we draw the important conclusion that the exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is necessarily not smaller than $\frac{1}{2}$.
  • The inequality \eqref{e:Loj2} can be shown to hold with $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$ when $D^2 f (x)$ is invertible, i.e. $x$ is a non-degenerate critical point: the inequality is indeed a simple consequence of the Morse lemma and the analyticity assumption is superfluous ($f\in C^2$ is sufficient to apply the Morse lemma).

Applications

The Lojasiewicz inequality has found rather striking applications in the theory of ordinary and partial differential equations, in particular to gradient flows. In a finite-dimensional context, a gradient flow is sometimes called gradient dynamical system and consists of a system of ordinary differential equations of the form \begin{equation}\label{e:gradient_flow} \dot{x} (t) = - \nabla f (x(t))\, . \end{equation} The following lemma of Lojasiewicz (see [Lo2]) then holds

Lemma 4 Assume $U\subset \mathbb R^n$ is open, $f: U \to \mathbb R$ is a $C^2$ function and $x:[0, \infty[\to U$ is a solution of \eqref{e:gradient_flow}. Assume the existence of a sequence $t_n\to \infty$ such that $x (t_n)$ converges to a critical point $\bar{x}$ of $f$ which satisfies \eqref{e:Loj2} for some $\theta \in ]0,1[$ in some neighborhood $V$. Then \[ \lim_{t\to \infty} x(t) = \bar{x}\, . \]

Thus, from Theorem 2 we conclude the following important corollary

Corollary 5 Assume $f:\mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R$ is real analytic and let $x:[0,\infty[\to \mathbb R^n$ be a solution of \eqref{e:gradient_flow}. Then, either \[ \lim_{t\to\infty} |x(t)| = \infty \] or there exists $\bar{x}$ critical point of $f$ such that \[ \lim_{t\to\infty} x(t) = \bar{x}\, . \]

It was realized by L. Simon in his pioneering work [Si] that under appropriate ellipticity assumptions the Lojasiewicz inequality can be extended to an infinite-dimensional setting. He then used it to study

  • the asymptotic behavior of solutions to parabolic equations
  • the asymptotic behavior of solutions to geometric variational problems near an isolated singular point.

For this reason, suitable infinite-dimensional versions of \eqref{e:Loj2} (which can be reduced to Theorem 2 using a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction, see [Si2]) are often called Lojasiewicz-Simon inequalities.

Remark 6 Corollary 5 can be shown to fail under the assumption $f\in C^\infty$. The exponent $\theta$ in \eqref{e:Loj2} is related to the rate of convergence of $x(t)$ to $\bar{x}$ in Lemma 4. In particular, if $\theta = \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that \[ |x(t) - \bar{x}|\leq e^{- \bar{C} t}\, \] for some $\bar{C}>0$. If $\theta > \frac{1}{2}$, then it can be shown that \[ |x(t)-\bar{x}| \leq \frac{\bar{C}}{t^\alpha}\, , \] where the epxonent $\alpha$ can be explicitly computed from $\theta$. Cf. [Si2].

References

[Lo] S. Łojasiewicz, "Ensembles semi-analytiques", preprint IHES (1965)
[Lo2] S. Łojasiewicz, "Sur les trajectoires du gradient d’une fonction analytique", Seminari di Geometria, Bologna (1982/83), Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna (1984), pp. 115–117
[Lo3] S. Łojasiewicz, "Une propriété topologique des sous ensembles analytiques réels", Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S 117. Les Équations aux Dérivées Partielles, (1963) 87-89
[Si] L. Simon, "Asymptotics for a class of non-linear evolution equations, with applications to geometric problems", Ann. Math. 118 (1983), pp. 525-571
[Si2] L. Simon, "Theorems on regularity and singularity of energy minimizing maps" Lectures in Mathematics. ETH Zürich. Birkhäuser, Basel (1996)
How to Cite This Entry:
Lojasiewicz inequality. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Lojasiewicz_inequality&oldid=31077