Namespaces
Variants
Actions

Gauss-Manin connection

From Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Jump to: navigation, search
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.


The Gauss–Manin connection is a way to differentiate cohomology classes with respect to parameters. Consider a smooth projective curve $ X $ over a field $ K $. Its first de Rham cohomology group $ H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) $ can be identified with the space of differentials of second kind on $ X $ modulo exact differentials (cf. Differential). Each derivation $ \theta $ of $ K $( cf. Derivation in a ring) can be lifted in a canonical way to a mapping $ \nabla _ \theta : H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) \rightarrow H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) $ satisfying $ \nabla _ \theta ( g \omega ) = g \nabla _ \theta ( \omega ) + \theta ( g) \omega $ for $ g \in K $, $ \omega \in H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) $[a1], [a2]. This amounts to a connection

$$ \nabla : \ H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) \rightarrow \ \Omega _ {K} ^ {1} \otimes H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {1} ( X/K) $$

which is integrable (i.e. $ \nabla _ {[ \theta , \theta ^ \prime ] } = [ \nabla _ \theta , \nabla _ {\theta ^ \prime } ] $). If $ K $ is a function field in one variable, one obtains the Picard–Fuchs equation $ \nabla \omega = 0 $, which has regular singular points (cf. Regular singular point).

The generalization to higher dimension is due to A. Grothendieck [a3]. For a proper and smooth morphism $ f: X \rightarrow S $ of $ \mathbf C $- schemes the de Rham cohomology of the fibres of $ f $ is described by the locally free $ {\mathcal O} _ {S} $- modules $ H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S) = R ^ {n} f _ \star ( \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {\bullet } ) $, the relative de Rham cohomology sheaves. From now on suppose that $ S $ is of finite type over $ \mathbf C $ and let $ X ^ {h} $ and $ S ^ {h} $ denote the underlying analytic spaces. Then

$$ H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( {X ^ {h} } / {S ^ {h} } ) \cong \ {\mathcal O} _ {S ^ {h} } \otimes _ {\mathbf C} R ^ {n} f _ \star \mathbf C _ {X ^ {h} } , $$

and the analytic version of the Gauss–Manin connection is defined by $ \nabla ( g \omega ) = dg \otimes \omega $ for $ g $( respectively, $ \omega $) a local section of $ {\mathcal O} _ {S ^ {h} } $( respectively, $ R ^ {n} f _ \star \mathbf C _ {X ^ {h} } $).

An algebraic construction has been given by N.M. Katz and T. Oda [a4]. The complex $ \Omega _ {X/ \mathbf C } ^ {\bullet } $ is filtered by subcomplexes $ \phi ^ {i} $, where

$$ \phi ^ {i} \Omega _ {X/ \mathbf C } ^ {p} = \ \textrm{ image } \textrm{ of } \ ( f ^ { \star } \Omega _ {S/ \mathbf C } ^ {i} \otimes \Omega _ {X/ \mathbf C } ^ {p - i } \rightarrow \ \Omega _ {X/ \mathbf C } ^ {p} ). $$

One has $ ( \phi ^ {i} / \phi ^ {i + 1 } ) ^ {n} \cong f ^ { \star } \Omega _ {S/ \mathbf C } ^ {i} \otimes \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {n - i } $ and $ R ^ {n} f _ \star ( \phi ^ {i} / \phi ^ {i + 1 } ) \cong \Omega _ {S/ \mathbf C } ^ {i} \otimes H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n - i } ( X/S) $. The connecting homomorphism $ \nabla : R ^ {n} f _ \star ( \phi ^ {0} / \phi ^ {1} ) \rightarrow R ^ {n + 1 } f _ \star ( \phi ^ {1} / \phi ^ {2} ) $ in the long exact hypercohomology sequence associated to the exact sequence

$$ 0 \rightarrow \ \phi ^ {1} / \phi ^ {2} \rightarrow \ \phi ^ {0} / \phi ^ {2} \rightarrow \ \phi ^ {0} / \phi ^ {1} \rightarrow 0 $$

is an algebraic version of the Gauss–Manin connection.

The Gauss–Manin connection is regular singular [a5][a8]. Its monodromy transformations around points at infinity are quasi-unipotent [a6], [a9], [a10], and bounds on the size of its Jordan blocks are known [a7], [a11]. Geometrical proofs of the monodromy theorem are due to A. Landman [a12], C.H. Clemens [a13] and D.T. Lê [a14].

Another important feature of the Gauss–Manin connection is Griffiths' transversality. The relative de Rham cohomology sheaves of a smooth proper morphism $ f: X \rightarrow S $ can be filtered as follows. Let $ F ^ { p } \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {\bullet } $ be the subcomplex

$$ [ 0 \rightarrow \dots \rightarrow 0 \rightarrow \ \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {p} \rightarrow \ \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {p + 1 } \rightarrow \dots ] $$

of $ \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {\bullet } $. Then $ \mathop{\rm Gr} _ {F} ^ { p } \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {\bullet } \cong \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {p} [- p] $. The spectral sequence $ E _ {1} ^ {pq} = R ^ {q} f _ \star \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {p} \Rightarrow H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {p + q } ( X/S) $ degenerates at $ E _ {1} $[a15] and $ E _ {1} ^ {pq} $ is locally free on $ S $. Hence $ R ^ {n} f _ \star ( F ^ { p } \Omega _ {X/S} ^ {\bullet } ) $ maps injectively to a subsheaf $ F ^ { p } H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S) $ of $ H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S) $. Griffiths' transversality is the property that

$$ \nabla ( F ^ { p } H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S)) \subseteq \ \Omega _ {S} ^ {1} \otimes F ^ { p - 1 } H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S). $$

The geometric data $ ( H _ { \mathop{\rm dR} } ^ {n} ( X/S), \nabla , F ) $ have given rise to the concept of a (polarized) variation of Hodge structure. A. Borel has extended the monodromy theorem to this abstract case ([a16], (6.1)).

The Gauss–Manin connection has also been defined for function germs with isolated singularity [a10] and for mapping germs defining isolated complete intersection singularities [a17]. The monodromy of these connections is the classical Picard–Lefschetz monodromy on the vanishing cohomology.

In the theory of $ D $- modules (cf. $ D $- module), the theory of the Gauss–Manin connection is expressed as a property of the direct image functor for a proper morphism. Combined with the formalism of vanishing cycle functors [a18] it gives rise to the notion of the Gauss–Manin system [a19]. This plays an important role in the asymptotic Hodge theory of singularities [a20][a22].

References

[a1] Yu. Manin, "Algebraic curves over fields with differentiation" Transl. Amer. Math. Soc. , 37 (1964) pp. 59–78 Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Mat. , 22 (1958) pp. 737–756
[a2] N.M. Katz, "On the differential equations satisfied by period matrices" Publ. Math. IHES , 35 (1968) pp. 71–106
[a3] A. Grothendieck, "On the de Rham cohomology of algebraic varieties" Publ. Math. IHES , 29 (1966) pp. 351–359 MR0199194 Zbl 0145.17602
[a4] N.M. Katz, T. Oda, "On the differentiation of de Rham cohomology classes with respect to parameters" J. Math. Kyoto Univ. , (1968) pp. 199–213
[a5] N. Nilsson, "Some growth and ramification properties of certain integrals on algebraic manifolds" Arkiv för Mat. , 5 (1963–1965) pp. 527–540
[a6] P. Deligne, "Equations différentielles à points singuliers réguliers" , Lect. notes in math. , 163 , Springer (1970) MR0417174 Zbl 0244.14004
[a7] N.M. Katz, "The regularity theorem in algebraic geometry" , Proc. Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Nice, 1970) , 1 , Gauthier-Villars (1971) pp. 437–443
[a8] P.A. Griffiths, "Periods of integrals on algebraic manifolds, I, II" Amer. J. Math. , 90 (1968) pp. 568–626; 805–865
[a9] A. Grothendieck, "Letter to J.-P. Serre" (5.10.1964)
[a10] E. Brieskorn, "Die Monodromie von isolierten Singularitäten von Hyperflächen" Manuscr. Math. , 2 (1970) pp. 103–161
[a11] N.M. Katz, "Nilpotent connections and the monodromy theorem. Applications of a result of Turrittin" Publ. Math. IHES , 39 (1971) pp. 175–232
[a12] A. Landman, "On the Picard–Lefschetz formula for algebraic manifolds acquiring general singularities" , Berkeley (1967) (Thesis)
[a13] C.H. Clemens, "Picard–Lefschetz theorem for families of nonsingular algebraic varieties acquiring ordinary singularities" Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. , 136 (1969) pp. 93–108 MR0233814 Zbl 0185.51302
[a14] D.T. Lê, "The geometry of the monodromy theorem" K.G. Ramanathan (ed.) , C.P. Ramanujam, a tribute , Tata IFR Studies in Math. , 8 , Springer (1978)
[a15] P. Deligne, "Théorème de Lefschetz et critères de dégénérescence de suites spectrales" Publ. Math. IHES , 35 (1968) pp. 107–126
[a16] W. Schmid, "Variation of Hodge structure: the singularities of the period mapping" Invent. Math. , 22 (1973) pp. 211–319 MR0382272 Zbl 0278.14003
[a17] G.-M. Greuel, "Der Gauss–Manin Zusammenhang isolierter Singularitäten von vollständigen Durchschnitten" Math. Ann. , 214 (1975) pp. 235–266
[a18] P. Deligne, "Le formalisme des cycles évanescents" A. Grothendieck (ed.) , Groupes de monodromie en géométrie algébrique. SGA 7.II , Lect. notes in math. , 340 , Springer (1973) pp. Exp. XIII
[a19] F. Pham, "Singularités des systèmes différentiels de Gauss–Manin" , Birkhäuser (1979) MR553954 Zbl 0524.32015
[a20] J. Scherk, J.H.M. Steenbrink, "On the mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology of the Milnor fibre" Math. Ann. , 271 (1985) pp. 641–665
[a21] A.N. Varchenko, "Asymptotic Hodge structure in the vanishing cohomology" Math USSR Izv. , 18 (1982) pp. 469–512 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 45 : 3 (1981) pp. 540–591; 688
[a22] M. Saito, "Gauss–Manin system and mixed Hodge structure" Proc. Japan Acad. Ser A , 58 (1982) pp. 29–32
How to Cite This Entry:
Gauss-Manin connection. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Gauss-Manin_connection&oldid=51288