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''of an operator (transformation) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351501.png" /> of a vector space <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351502.png" /> over a field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351503.png" />''
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''of an operator (transformation) $A$ of a vector space $L$ over a field $k$''
  
An element <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351504.png" /> such that there is a non-zero vector <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351505.png" /> satisfying the condition
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An element $\lambda\in k$ such that there is a non-zero vector $x\in L$ satisfying the condition
  
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351506.png" /></td> </tr></table>
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$$Ax=\lambda x$$
  
This vector <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351507.png" /> is called an [[Eigen vector|eigen vector]] of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351508.png" /> corresponding to the eigen value <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e0351509.png" />. In the case when <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515010.png" /> is a linear operator, an eigen value is an element <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515011.png" /> such that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515012.png" /> is not injective, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515013.png" /> is the identity operator. If <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515014.png" /> is a finite-dimensional space, then the eigen values coincide with the roots (in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515015.png" />) of the [[Characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515016.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515017.png" /> is the matrix of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515018.png" /> in a certain basis and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515019.png" /> is the identity matrix. The multiplicity of an eigen value as a root of this polynomial is called its algebraic multiplicity. For any linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space over an algebraically closed field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515020.png" />, the set of eigen values is non-empty. Both conditions, finite-dimensionality and being algebraically closed, are essential. For example, a rotation of the Euclidean plane (with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515021.png" />) through any angle not divisible by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515022.png" /> has no eigen values. On the other hand, for operators on a Hilbert space which are adjoints of (one-sided) shifts, every point of the open unit disc is an eigen value.
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This vector $x$ is called an [[Eigen vector|eigen vector]] of $A$ corresponding to the eigen value $\lambda$. In the case when $A$ is a linear operator, an eigen value is an element $\lambda\in k$ such that $A-\lambda I$ is not injective, where $I$ is the identity operator. If $L$ is a finite-dimensional space, then the eigen values coincide with the roots (in $k$) of the [[Characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] $\det\bigl(\tilde A-\lambda E\bigr)$, where $\tilde A$ is the matrix of $A$ in a certain basis and $E$ is the identity matrix. The multiplicity of an eigen value as a root of this polynomial is called its algebraic multiplicity. For any linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space over an algebraically closed field $k$, the set of eigen values is non-empty. Both conditions, finite-dimensionality and being algebraically closed, are essential. For example, a rotation of the Euclidean plane (with $k=\mathbb R$) through any angle not divisible by $\pi$ has no eigen values. On the other hand, for operators on a Hilbert space which are adjoints of (one-sided) shifts, every point of the open unit disc is an eigen value.
  
The set of all eigen values of a linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space is called the spectrum of the linear transformation. A linear transformation of an <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515023.png" />-dimensional space is diagonalizable (that is, there is a basis in which the corresponding matrix is diagonal) if and only if the algebraic multiplicity of every eigen value is equal to its geometric multiplicity, which is the dimension of the eigen space (see [[Eigen vector|Eigen vector]]) corresponding to the given eigen value. In particular, a linear transformation is diagonalizable if it has <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515024.png" /> distinct eigen values.
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The set of all eigen values of a linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space is called the spectrum of the linear transformation. A linear transformation of an $n$-dimensional space is diagonalizable (that is, there is a basis in which the corresponding matrix is diagonal) if and only if the algebraic multiplicity of every eigen value is equal to its geometric multiplicity, which is the dimension of the eigen space (see [[Eigen vector|Eigen vector]]) corresponding to the given eigen value. In particular, a linear transformation is diagonalizable if it has $n$ distinct eigen values.
  
An eigen value of a square matrix <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515025.png" /> over a field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515026.png" /> (or a characteristic root of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/e/e035/e035150/e03515027.png" />) is a root of its characteristic polynomial.
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An eigen value of a square matrix $A$ over a field $k$ (or a characteristic root of $A$) is a root of its characteristic polynomial.
  
 
For references see [[Linear transformation|Linear transformation]]; [[Matrix|Matrix]].
 
For references see [[Linear transformation|Linear transformation]]; [[Matrix|Matrix]].
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For additional references see [[Eigen vector|Eigen vector]].
 
For additional references see [[Eigen vector|Eigen vector]].
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Latest revision as of 09:18, 12 December 2013

of an operator (transformation) $A$ of a vector space $L$ over a field $k$

An element $\lambda\in k$ such that there is a non-zero vector $x\in L$ satisfying the condition

$$Ax=\lambda x$$

This vector $x$ is called an eigen vector of $A$ corresponding to the eigen value $\lambda$. In the case when $A$ is a linear operator, an eigen value is an element $\lambda\in k$ such that $A-\lambda I$ is not injective, where $I$ is the identity operator. If $L$ is a finite-dimensional space, then the eigen values coincide with the roots (in $k$) of the characteristic polynomial $\det\bigl(\tilde A-\lambda E\bigr)$, where $\tilde A$ is the matrix of $A$ in a certain basis and $E$ is the identity matrix. The multiplicity of an eigen value as a root of this polynomial is called its algebraic multiplicity. For any linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space over an algebraically closed field $k$, the set of eigen values is non-empty. Both conditions, finite-dimensionality and being algebraically closed, are essential. For example, a rotation of the Euclidean plane (with $k=\mathbb R$) through any angle not divisible by $\pi$ has no eigen values. On the other hand, for operators on a Hilbert space which are adjoints of (one-sided) shifts, every point of the open unit disc is an eigen value.

The set of all eigen values of a linear transformation of a finite-dimensional space is called the spectrum of the linear transformation. A linear transformation of an $n$-dimensional space is diagonalizable (that is, there is a basis in which the corresponding matrix is diagonal) if and only if the algebraic multiplicity of every eigen value is equal to its geometric multiplicity, which is the dimension of the eigen space (see Eigen vector) corresponding to the given eigen value. In particular, a linear transformation is diagonalizable if it has $n$ distinct eigen values.

An eigen value of a square matrix $A$ over a field $k$ (or a characteristic root of $A$) is a root of its characteristic polynomial.

For references see Linear transformation; Matrix.


Comments

For additional references see Eigen vector.

How to Cite This Entry:
Eigen value. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Eigen_value&oldid=13318
This article was adapted from an original article by T.S. PigolkinaV.S. Shul'man (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article