# Chern-Simons functional

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A Lagrangian in the theory of gauge fields on an oriented manifold of dimension . More precisely, it is a -valued function on the space of connections ( "gauge fields" ) on a principal -bundle (cf. also Principal -object) with base space for a compact connected Lie group . For simply connected, e.g. , the bundle can be taken to be the product bundle and the Chern–Simons functional is given by the formula

where the connection is given by the matrix-valued -form and is the usual trace of matrices (cf. also Trace of a square matrix).

is invariant under gauge transformations, i.e. automorphisms of the -bundle, and hence it defines a Lagrangian on the space of orbits for the action of the group of these. The critical points of are given by the flat connections, i.e. those for which the curvature

vanishes (cf. also Connection).

## Applications of the Chern–Simons functional.

1) Using the Chern–Simons functional as a Morse function, A. Flöer [a6] defined invariants for homology -spheres related to the Casson invariant (see [a7]).

2) E. Witten [a8] used the Chern–Simons functional to set up a topological quantum field theory (cf. also Quantum field theory), which gives rise to invariants for knots and links in -manifolds including the Jones polynomial for knots in the -sphere. See also [a1] and [a2].

The Chern–Simons functional is a special case of the Chern–Simons invariant and characteristic classes. General references are [a3], [a4], [a5].

#### References

 [a1] S. Axelrod, I.M. Singer, "Chern–Simons perturbation theory" , Proc. XXth Internat. Conf. on Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics (New York, 1991) , World Sci. (1992) [a2] S. Axelrod, I.M. Singer, "Chern–Simons pertubation theory II" J. Diff. Geom. , 39 (1994) pp. 173–213 [a3] J. Cheeger, J. Simons, "Differential characters and geometric invariants" , Geometry and Topology (Maryland, 1983/4 , Lecture Notes Math. , 1167 , Springer (1985) [a4] S.-S. Chern, J. Simons, "Characteristic forms and geometric invariants" Ann. of Math. , 99 (1974) pp. 48–69 [a5] J.L. Dupont, F.W. Kamber, "On a generalization of Cheeger–Chern–Simons classes" Illinois J. Math. , 33 (1990) pp. 221–255 [a6] A. Floer, "An instanton-invariant for 3-manifolds" Comm. Math. Phys. , 118 (1988) pp. 215–240 [a7] C.H. Taubes, "Casson's invariant and gauge theory" J. Diff. Geom. , 31 (1990) pp. 547–599 [a8] E. Witten, "Quantum field theory and the Jones polynomial" Comm. Math. Phys. , 121 (1989) pp. 351–399
How to Cite This Entry:
Chern-Simons functional. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Chern-Simons_functional&oldid=22287
This article was adapted from an original article by J.L. Dupont (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article