# Algebraic cycle

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on an algebraic variety

An element of the free Abelian group the set of free generators of which is constituted by all closed irreducible subvarieties of the given algebraic variety. The subgroup of the group of algebraic cycles on a variety generated by a subvariety of codimension is denoted by . The group can be represented as the direct sum

The subgroup is identical with the group of Weil divisors (cf. Divisor) on .

In what follows will denote a non-singular projective algebraic variety of dimension over an algebraically closed field . If is the field of complex numbers , then each algebraic cycle defines a -dimensional homology class and, in accordance with Poincaré duality, a cohomology class . The homology (or, respectively, cohomology) classes of type (or ) are called algebraic homology (respectively, cohomology) classes. (Hodge's conjecture) Each analytic cycle is homologous with an algebraic cycle. It is believed that an integral -dimensional cycle on is homologous with an algebraic cycle if and only if the integrals of all closed differential forms of type , , over are equal to zero. This conjecture has only been proved for (for [6], and for all [7]), for , and for isolated classes of varieties [4].

If is an algebraic cycle on the product of two varieties , then the set of cycles on of the form

is known as a family of algebraic cycles on parametrized by the base . The usual requirement in this connection is that the projection of each subvariety on be a flat morphism. If is defined by an irreducible subvariety, the corresponding family of algebraic cycles on is called a family of algebraic subvarieties. In particular, for any flat morphism of algebraic varieties its fibres form a family of algebraic subvarieties of parametrized by the base . A second particular case of this concept is that of a linear system. All members of a family of algebraic subvarieties (or, respectively, algebraic cycles) of a projective variety , parametrized by a connected base, have the same Hilbert polynomial (respectively, virtual arithmetic genus).

Two algebraic cycles and on a variety are algebraically equivalent (which is denoted by ) if they belong to the same family, parametrized by a connected base. Intuitively, equivalence of algebraic cycles means that may be algebraically deformed into . If this definition includes the condition that the base is a rational variety, the algebraic cycles and are called rationally equivalent (which is denoted by ). If , the concept of rational equivalence reduces to the concept of linear equivalence of divisors. The subgroup of algebraic cycles rationally (or, respectively, algebraically) equivalent to zero, is denoted by (respectively, ). Each of these groups is a direct sum of its components

The quotient group is finitely generated and is called as the Neron–Severi group of the variety . The problem of the quotient group being finitely generated for remains open at the time of writing (1977). The quotient group has the structure of an Abelian variety (cf. Picard scheme). The operation of intersection of cycles makes it possible to define a multiplication in the quotient group , converting it into a commutative ring, called the Chow ring of the variety (cf. Intersection theory).

For any Weil cohomology theory there exists a uniquely defined homomorphism of groups

Two algebraic cycles and are called homologically equivalent (which is denoted by ) if . The subgroup of algebraic cycles that are homologically equivalent with zero is denoted by . The imbedding is valid. The quotient group is finitely generated, and is a subring in the ring , which is denoted by and is known as the ring of algebraic Weil cohomology classes. It is not known (1986) whether or not depends on the Weil cohomology theory that has been chosen.

Two algebraic cycles and are called -equivalent (which is denoted by ) if there exists an such that . The subgroup of algebraic cycles that are -equivalent to zero, is denoted by . Two algebraic cycles and from are called numerically equivalent (which is denoted by ) if the equality is valid for any , provided both sides of the equality are defined. The subgroup of algebraic cycles numerically equivalent with zero is denoted by . The imbeddings

are valid. For divisors the groups , and are identical [6]. However, in accordance with the counterexample in [5] for the case

where is considered with respect to the ordinary cohomology theory with rational coefficients. A similar counterexample was established for a field of arbitrary characteristic and for the -adic theory of Weil cohomology. The question as to the equality of the groups and has been solved [9].

Let be imbedded in a projective space and let be the cohomology class of a hyperplane section. An algebraic cohomology class

is called primitive if . In such a case, if is the field of complex numbers , the bilinear form

is positive definite on the subspace of primitive classes in . A similar proposition for arbitrary , which is closely connected with the Weil conjectures on the zeta-function of an algebraic variety, has been proved for only.

If a variety is defined over a field that is not algebraically closed, the Galois group of the separable algebraic closure of the field acts on the Weil cohomology , where . Each element of is invariant with respect to some subgroup of finite index of the group . It is believed (Tate's conjecture on algebraic cycles) that the converse proposition is also true if is finitely generated over its prime subfield. Many conjectures on the zeta-function of algebraic varieties are based on this assumption [2].

#### References

 [1] M. Baldassarri, "Algebraic varieties" , Springer (1956) MR0082172 Zbl 0995.14003 Zbl 0075.15902 [2] J.T. Tate, "Algebraic cohomology classes" , Summer school of algebraic geometry Woods Hole, 1964 Zbl 0213.22901 [3] I.V. Dolgachev, V.A. Iskovskikh, "Geometry of algebraic varieties" J. Soviet Math. , 5 : 6 (1976) pp. 803–864 Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Algebra Topol. Geom. , 12 (1974) pp. 77–170 [4] S.L. Kleiman, "Algebraic cycles and the Weil conjecture" A. Grothendieck (ed.) J. Giraud (ed.) et al. (ed.) , Dix exposés sur la cohomologie des schémas , North-Holland & Masson (1968) pp. 359–386 MR0292838 [5] P.A. Griffiths, "On the periods of certain rational integrals II" Ann. of Math. (2) , 90 : 3 (1969) pp. 496–541 Zbl 0215.08103 [6] S. Lefschetz, "L'analysis situs et la géométrie algébrique" , Gauthier-Villars (1924) MR0033557 MR1520618 [7] W.V.D. Hodge, "The theory and application of harmonic integrals" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1952) MR0051571 [8] "Groupes de monodromie en geometrie algebrique" M. Raynaud (ed.) D.S. Rim (ed.) A. Grothendieck (ed.) , Sem. Geom. Alg. , 7 , Springer (1972–1973) MR0354656 [9] P. Deligne, "La conjecture de Weil I" Publ. Math. IHES , 43 (1974) pp. 273–308 MR0340258 Zbl 0314.14007 Zbl 0287.14001