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for all $a, b_i \in Q$ (cf. also [[Lattice]]; [[Distributivity]]; [[Associativity]]).
 
for all $a, b_i \in Q$ (cf. also [[Lattice]]; [[Distributivity]]; [[Associativity]]).
  
The name  "quantale"  was introduced by C.J. Mulvey [[#References|[a1]]] to provide a non-commutative extension of the concept of [[locale]]. The intention was to develop the concept of non-commutative topology introduced by R. Giles and H. Kummer [[#References|[a2]]], while providing a constructive, and non-commutative, context for the foundations of quantum mechanics and, more generally, non-commutative logic. The observation that the closed right ideals of a [[C*-algebra|$C*$-algebra]] form a quantale satisfying the conditions that each element is right-sided ($a \otimes 1_Q \le a$) and idempotent ($a \otimes a = a$)) led certain authors to restrict the term  "quantale"  to mean only quantales of this kind [[#References|[a3]]], but the term is now applied only in its original sense.
+
The name  "quantale"  was introduced by C.J. Mulvey [[#References|[a1]]] to provide a non-commutative extension of the concept of [[locale]]. The intention was to develop the concept of non-commutative topology introduced by R. Giles and H. Kummer [[#References|[a2]]], while providing a constructive, and non-commutative, context for the foundations of quantum mechanics and, more generally, non-commutative logic. The observation that the closed right ideals of a [[C*-algebra|$C^*$-algebra]] form a quantale satisfying the conditions that each element is right-sided ($a \otimes 1_Q \le a$) and idempotent ($a \otimes a = a$)) led certain authors to restrict the term  "quantale"  to mean only quantales of this kind [[#References|[a3]]], but the term is now applied only in its original sense.
  
The realization by J. Rosický [[#References|[a4]]] that the development of topological concepts such as regularity required additional structure led [[#References|[a5]]] to the consideration of involutive quantales, and of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ of a $C*$-algebra $A$ (cf. also [[Spectrum of a C*-algebra|Spectrum of a $C*$-algebra]]) as the quantale of closed linear subspaces of $A$, together with the operations of join given by closed linear sum, product given by closed linear product of subspaces, and involution by involution within the $C*$-algebra. The right-sided elements of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ are the closed right ideals of the $C*$-algebra $A$ (cf. [[#References|[a2]]], [[#References|[a6]]]). By the existence of approximate units, each element $a \in R(\text{Max} A)$ of the sup-lattice of right-sided elements satisfies the condition that $a \otimes a* \otimes a = a$. By a Gel'fand quantale $Q$ is meant an involutive unital quantale in which the right-sided (equivalently, left-sided) elements satisfy this condition.
+
The realization by J. Rosický [[#References|[a4]]] that the development of topological concepts such as regularity required additional structure led [[#References|[a5]]] to the consideration of involutive quantales, and of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ of a $C^*$-algebra $A$ (cf. also [[Spectrum of a C*-algebra|Spectrum of a $C^*$-algebra]]) as the quantale of closed linear subspaces of $A$, together with the operations of join given by closed linear sum, product given by closed linear product of subspaces, and involution by involution within the $C^*$-algebra. The right-sided elements of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ are the closed right ideals of the $C^*$-algebra $A$ (cf. [[#References|[a2]]], [[#References|[a6]]]). By the existence of approximate units, each element $a \in R(\text{Max} A)$ of the sup-lattice of right-sided elements satisfies the condition that $a \otimes a^* \otimes a = a$. By a Gel'fand quantale $Q$ is meant an involutive unital quantale in which the right-sided (equivalently, left-sided) elements satisfy this condition.
  
 
Generalizing an observation in [[#References|[a4]]], the right-sided elements of any involutive quantale $Q$ may be shown to admit a pseudo-orthocomplement, defined by $a^\perp = \bigvee_{a* \otimes b = 0_Q} b$. In any Gel'fand quantale $Q$, the right-sided elements are idempotent, and the two-sided elements form a locale.
 
Generalizing an observation in [[#References|[a4]]], the right-sided elements of any involutive quantale $Q$ may be shown to admit a pseudo-orthocomplement, defined by $a^\perp = \bigvee_{a* \otimes b = 0_Q} b$. In any Gel'fand quantale $Q$, the right-sided elements are idempotent, and the two-sided elements form a locale.
  
Observing that relations on a set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001025.png" /> forming a quantale with respect to arbitrary union and composition is applied implicitly by C.A. Hoare and He Jifeng when considering the weakest pre-specification of a program [[#References|[a7]]], and noting that the quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001026.png" /> in question is exactly that of endomorphisms of the sup-lattice <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001027.png" /> of subsets of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001028.png" />, led to the consideration [[#References|[a8]]] of the quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001029.png" /> of endomorphisms of any orthocomplemented sup-lattice <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001030.png" />, in which the involute <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001031.png" /> of a sup-preserving mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001032.png" /> is defined by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001033.png" /> for each <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001034.png" />. In the quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001035.png" /> of relations on a set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001036.png" />, this describes the reverse of a relation in terms of complementation of subsets. Observing that the quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001037.png" /> of endomorphisms of the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of closed linear subspaces of a [[Hilbert space|Hilbert space]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001038.png" /> provides a motivating example for this quantization of the calculus of relations, the term Hilbert quantale was introduced for any quantale isomorphic to the quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001039.png" /> of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001040.png" />.
+
Observing that relations on a set $X$ forming a quantale with respect to arbitrary union and composition is applied implicitly by C.A. Hoare and He Jifeng when considering the weakest pre-specification of a program [[#References|[a7]]], and noting that the quantale $Q(X)$ in question is exactly that of endomorphisms of the sup-lattice $\mathcal{P}(X)$ of subsets of $X \times X$, led to the consideration [[#References|[a8]]] of the quantale $Q(S)$ of endomorphisms of any orthocomplemented sup-lattice $S$, in which the involute $\alpha^*$ of a sup-preserving mapping $\alpha$ is defined by $s \alpha^* = \left({ \bigvee_{t \alpha \le s^\perp} t} \right)^\perp$ for each $s \in S$. In the quantale $Q(X)$ of relations on a set $X$, this describes the reverse of a relation in terms of complementation of subsets. Observing that the quantale $Q(H)$ of endomorphisms of the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of closed linear subspaces of a [[Hilbert space]] $H$ provides a motivating example for this quantization of the calculus of relations, the term Hilbert quantale was introduced for any quantale isomorphic to the quantale $Q9S)$ of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice $S$.
  
 
Noting that the weak spectrum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001041.png" /> of a [[Von Neumann algebra|von Neumann algebra]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001042.png" /> is a Gel'fand quantale of which the right-sided elements correspond to the projections of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001043.png" /> and on which the right pseudo-orthocomplement corresponds to orthocomplementation of projections, a Gel'fand quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001044.png" /> is said to be a von Neumann quantale if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001045.png" /> for any right-sided element <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001046.png" />. For any von Neumann quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001047.png" />, the locale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001048.png" /> of two-sided elements is a complete [[Boolean algebra|Boolean algebra]]. Any Hilbert quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001049.png" /> is a von Neumann quantale, and a von Neumann quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001050.png" /> is a Hilbert quantale exactly if the canonical homomorphism <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001051.png" />, assigning to each <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001052.png" /> the sup-preserving mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001053.png" /> on the orthocomplemented sup-lattice <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001054.png" /> of right-sided elements of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001055.png" />, is an isomorphism [[#References|[a8]]]. Any Hilbert quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001056.png" /> is a von Neumann factor quantale in the sense that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001057.png" /> is exactly <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001058.png" />. The weak spectrum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001059.png" /> of a von Neumann algebra <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001060.png" /> is a factor exactly if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001061.png" /> is a factor [[#References|[a9]]] (cf. also [[Von Neumann algebra|von Neumann algebra]]).
 
Noting that the weak spectrum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001041.png" /> of a [[Von Neumann algebra|von Neumann algebra]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001042.png" /> is a Gel'fand quantale of which the right-sided elements correspond to the projections of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001043.png" /> and on which the right pseudo-orthocomplement corresponds to orthocomplementation of projections, a Gel'fand quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001044.png" /> is said to be a von Neumann quantale if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001045.png" /> for any right-sided element <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001046.png" />. For any von Neumann quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001047.png" />, the locale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001048.png" /> of two-sided elements is a complete [[Boolean algebra|Boolean algebra]]. Any Hilbert quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001049.png" /> is a von Neumann quantale, and a von Neumann quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001050.png" /> is a Hilbert quantale exactly if the canonical homomorphism <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001051.png" />, assigning to each <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001052.png" /> the sup-preserving mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001053.png" /> on the orthocomplemented sup-lattice <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001054.png" /> of right-sided elements of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001055.png" />, is an isomorphism [[#References|[a8]]]. Any Hilbert quantale <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001056.png" /> is a von Neumann factor quantale in the sense that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001057.png" /> is exactly <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001058.png" />. The weak spectrum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001059.png" /> of a von Neumann algebra <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001060.png" /> is a factor exactly if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q130/q130010/q13001061.png" /> is a factor [[#References|[a9]]] (cf. also [[Von Neumann algebra|von Neumann algebra]]).
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<TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  R. Giles,  H. Kummer,  "A non-commutative generalization of topology"  ''Indiana Univ. Math. J.'' , '''21'''  (1971)  pp. 91–102</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  R. Giles,  H. Kummer,  "A non-commutative generalization of topology"  ''Indiana Univ. Math. J.'' , '''21'''  (1971)  pp. 91–102</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  K.I. Rosenthal,  "Quantales and their applications" , ''Pitman Research Notes in Math.'' , '''234''' , Longman  (1990)</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  K.I. Rosenthal,  "Quantales and their applications" , ''Pitman Research Notes in Math.'' , '''234''' , Longman  (1990)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J. Rosický,  "Multiplicative lattices and $C*$-algebras"  ''Cah. Topol. Géom. Diff. Cat.'' , '''30'''  (1989)  pp. 95–110</TD></TR>
+
<TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J. Rosický,  "Multiplicative lattices and $C^*$-algebras"  ''Cah. Topol. Géom. Diff. Cat.'' , '''30'''  (1989)  pp. 95–110</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.J. Mulvey,  "Quantales" , ''Invited Lecture, Summer Conf. Locales and Topological Groups, Curaçao''  (1989)</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.J. Mulvey,  "Quantales" , ''Invited Lecture, Summer Conf. Locales and Topological Groups, Curaçao''  (1989)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.A. Akemann,  "Left ideal structure of $C*$-algebras"  ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''6'''  (1970)  pp. 305–317</TD></TR>
+
<TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.A. Akemann,  "Left ideal structure of $C^*$-algebras"  ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''6'''  (1970)  pp. 305–317</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.A.R. Hoare,  He Jifeng,  "The weakest prespecification"  ''Inform. Proc. Lett.'' , '''24'''  (1987)  pp. 127–132</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.A.R. Hoare,  He Jifeng,  "The weakest prespecification"  ''Inform. Proc. Lett.'' , '''24'''  (1987)  pp. 127–132</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.J. Mulvey,  J.W. Pelletier,  "A quantisation of the calculus of relations" , ''Category Theory 1991, CMS Conf. Proc.'' , '''13''' , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1992)  pp. 345–360</TD></TR>
 
<TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top">  C.J. Mulvey,  J.W. Pelletier,  "A quantisation of the calculus of relations" , ''Category Theory 1991, CMS Conf. Proc.'' , '''13''' , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1992)  pp. 345–360</TD></TR>

Revision as of 19:26, 12 August 2016

A complete sup-lattice $Q$ together with an associative product $\otimes$ satisfying the distributive laws $$ a \otimes \left({ \bigvee_i b_i }\right) = \bigvee_i a \otimes b_i $$ $$ \left({ \bigvee_i b_i }\right) \otimes a= \bigvee_i b_i \otimes a $$ for all $a, b_i \in Q$ (cf. also Lattice; Distributivity; Associativity).

The name "quantale" was introduced by C.J. Mulvey [a1] to provide a non-commutative extension of the concept of locale. The intention was to develop the concept of non-commutative topology introduced by R. Giles and H. Kummer [a2], while providing a constructive, and non-commutative, context for the foundations of quantum mechanics and, more generally, non-commutative logic. The observation that the closed right ideals of a $C^*$-algebra form a quantale satisfying the conditions that each element is right-sided ($a \otimes 1_Q \le a$) and idempotent ($a \otimes a = a$)) led certain authors to restrict the term "quantale" to mean only quantales of this kind [a3], but the term is now applied only in its original sense.

The realization by J. Rosický [a4] that the development of topological concepts such as regularity required additional structure led [a5] to the consideration of involutive quantales, and of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ of a $C^*$-algebra $A$ (cf. also Spectrum of a $C^*$-algebra) as the quantale of closed linear subspaces of $A$, together with the operations of join given by closed linear sum, product given by closed linear product of subspaces, and involution by involution within the $C^*$-algebra. The right-sided elements of the spectrum $\text{Max} A$ are the closed right ideals of the $C^*$-algebra $A$ (cf. [a2], [a6]). By the existence of approximate units, each element $a \in R(\text{Max} A)$ of the sup-lattice of right-sided elements satisfies the condition that $a \otimes a^* \otimes a = a$. By a Gel'fand quantale $Q$ is meant an involutive unital quantale in which the right-sided (equivalently, left-sided) elements satisfy this condition.

Generalizing an observation in [a4], the right-sided elements of any involutive quantale $Q$ may be shown to admit a pseudo-orthocomplement, defined by $a^\perp = \bigvee_{a* \otimes b = 0_Q} b$. In any Gel'fand quantale $Q$, the right-sided elements are idempotent, and the two-sided elements form a locale.

Observing that relations on a set $X$ forming a quantale with respect to arbitrary union and composition is applied implicitly by C.A. Hoare and He Jifeng when considering the weakest pre-specification of a program [a7], and noting that the quantale $Q(X)$ in question is exactly that of endomorphisms of the sup-lattice $\mathcal{P}(X)$ of subsets of $X \times X$, led to the consideration [a8] of the quantale $Q(S)$ of endomorphisms of any orthocomplemented sup-lattice $S$, in which the involute $\alpha^*$ of a sup-preserving mapping $\alpha$ is defined by $s \alpha^* = \left({ \bigvee_{t \alpha \le s^\perp} t} \right)^\perp$ for each $s \in S$. In the quantale $Q(X)$ of relations on a set $X$, this describes the reverse of a relation in terms of complementation of subsets. Observing that the quantale $Q(H)$ of endomorphisms of the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of closed linear subspaces of a Hilbert space $H$ provides a motivating example for this quantization of the calculus of relations, the term Hilbert quantale was introduced for any quantale isomorphic to the quantale $Q9S)$ of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice $S$.

Noting that the weak spectrum of a von Neumann algebra is a Gel'fand quantale of which the right-sided elements correspond to the projections of and on which the right pseudo-orthocomplement corresponds to orthocomplementation of projections, a Gel'fand quantale is said to be a von Neumann quantale if for any right-sided element . For any von Neumann quantale , the locale of two-sided elements is a complete Boolean algebra. Any Hilbert quantale is a von Neumann quantale, and a von Neumann quantale is a Hilbert quantale exactly if the canonical homomorphism , assigning to each the sup-preserving mapping on the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of right-sided elements of , is an isomorphism [a8]. Any Hilbert quantale is a von Neumann factor quantale in the sense that is exactly . The weak spectrum of a von Neumann algebra is a factor exactly if is a factor [a9] (cf. also von Neumann algebra).

A homomorphism from a Gel'fand quantale to the Hilbert quantale of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be a representation of on [a10]. A representation is said to be irreducible provided that invariant (in the sense that for all ) implies or . The irreducibility of a representation is equivalent to the homomorphism being strong, in the sense that . A homomorphism of Gel'fand quantales is strong exactly if is irreducible whenever is irreducible. A representation of on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be algebraically irreducible provided that for any atoms there exists an such that (cf. also Atomic lattice). Any algebraically irreducible representation is irreducible: the algebraically irreducible representations are those for which every atom is a cyclic generator. An algebraically irreducible representation on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be a point of the Gel'fand quantale . The points of the spectrum of a -algebra correspond bijectively to the equivalence classes of irreducible representations of on a Hilbert space [a10]. (Presently (2000), this is subject to the conjecture that every point of is non-trivial in the sense that there exists a pure state that maps properly. For a discussion of the role of pure states in this context, see [a10].) In particular, the spectrum is an invariant of the -algebra . It may be noted that the Hilbert quantale of an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice has, to within equivalence, a unique point; moreover, the reflection of such a Gel'fand quantale into the category of locales is exactly . In particular, the points of any locale are exactly its points in the sense of the theory of locales.

A von Neumann quantale is said to be atomic provided that the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of its right-sided elements is atomic. For any atomic von Neumann quantale the complete Boolean algebra of two-sided elements is atomic. Moreover, the canonical homomorphism is algebraically irreducible exactly if is a von Neumann factor quantale. A Gel'fand quantale is said to be discrete provided that it is an atomic von Neumann quantale that admits a central decomposition of the unit , in the sense that the atoms of the complete Boolean algebra majorize a family of central projections with join . For any atomic von Neumann algebra , the weak spectrum is a discrete von Neumann quantale. A locale is a discrete von Neumann quantale exactly if it is a complete atomic Boolean algebra, hence the power set of its set of points. A homomorphism of Gel'fand quantales is said to be:

algebraically strong if is algebraically irreducible whenever is an algebraically irreducible representation of on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice ;

a right embedding if it restricts to an embedding of the lattices of right-sided elements;

discrete if it is an algebraically strong right embedding. A Gel'fand quantale is said to be spatial if it admits a discrete homomorphism into a discrete von Neumann quantale [a11]. For any -algebra , the canonical homomorphism

of its spectrum into the weak spectrum of its enveloping atomic von Neumann algebra is discrete, hence is spatial. Similarly, a locale is spatial as a Gel'fand quantale exactly if its canonical homomorphism into the power set of its set of points is discrete. More generally, a Gel'fand quantale is spatial exactly if it has enough points, in the sense that if are distinct, then there is an algebraically irreducible representation on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice such that are distinct [a11].

In other important directions, Girard quantales have been shown [a12] to provide a semantics for non-commutative linear logic, and Foulis quantales to generalize the Foulis semi-groups of complete orthomodular lattices [a13]. The concepts of quantal set and of sheaf have been introduced [a14] for the case of idempotent right-sided quantales, generalizing those for any locale. These concepts may be localized [a15] to allow the construction of a fibration from which the quantale may be recovered directly. The representation of quantales by quantales of relations has also been examined [a16].

References

[a1] C.J. Mulvey, "&" Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo , 12 (1986) pp. 99–104
[a2] R. Giles, H. Kummer, "A non-commutative generalization of topology" Indiana Univ. Math. J. , 21 (1971) pp. 91–102
[a3] K.I. Rosenthal, "Quantales and their applications" , Pitman Research Notes in Math. , 234 , Longman (1990)
[a4] J. Rosický, "Multiplicative lattices and $C^*$-algebras" Cah. Topol. Géom. Diff. Cat. , 30 (1989) pp. 95–110
[a5] C.J. Mulvey, "Quantales" , Invited Lecture, Summer Conf. Locales and Topological Groups, Curaçao (1989)
[a6] C.A. Akemann, "Left ideal structure of $C^*$-algebras" J. Funct. Anal. , 6 (1970) pp. 305–317
[a7] C.A.R. Hoare, He Jifeng, "The weakest prespecification" Inform. Proc. Lett. , 24 (1987) pp. 127–132
[a8] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "A quantisation of the calculus of relations" , Category Theory 1991, CMS Conf. Proc. , 13 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1992) pp. 345–360
[a9] J.W. Pelletier, "Von Neumann algebras and Hilbert quantales" Appl. Cat. Struct. , 5 (1997) pp. 249–264
[a10] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "On the quantisation of points" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 159 (2001) pp. 231–295
[a11] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "On the quantisation of spaces" J. Pure Appl. Math. 175 (2002) pp.289-325 Zbl 1026.06018
[a12] D. Yetter, "Quantales and (non-commutative) linear logic" J. Symbolic Logic , 55 (1990) pp. 41–64
[a13] C.J. Mulvey, "Foulis quantales" to appear
[a14] C.J. Mulvey, M. Nawaz, "Quantales: Quantal sets" , Non-Classical Logics and Their Application to Fuzzy Subsets: A Handbook of the Mathematical Foundations of Fuzzy Set Theory , Kluwer Acad. Publ. (1995) pp. 159–217
[a15] U. Berni-Canani, F. Borceux, R. Succi-Cruciani, "A theory of quantale sets" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 62 (1989) pp. 123–136
[a16] C. Brown, D. Gurr, "A representation theorem for quantales" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 85 (1993) pp. 27–42
How to Cite This Entry:
Richard Pinch/sandbox-6. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Richard_Pinch/sandbox-6&oldid=39034