# Fractals

fractal sets

Originally defined by B.B. Mandelbrot as point sets with non-integer dimension in the sense of Hausdorff–Besicovitch (cf. Dimension). Classical examples are the triadic Cantor set and the non-differentiable curve obtained by von Koch. Typically, a fractal is self-similar in a deterministic or a stochastic way. D. Sullivan introduced the concept of quasi-self-similarity. A $K$-quasi-isometry is defined by a function $f$ acting on a metric space $M$ with metric $d$ satisfying

$$\frac1Kd(x,y)<d(f(x),f(y))<Kd(x,y)$$

for all $x,y$ in $M$. A set $F$ is called quasi-self-similar if there exist a $K$ and an $r_0$ such that multiplication by $1/r$ of $F\cap D_r(x)$ maps into $F$ by a quasi-isometry for all $r<r_0$ and all $x\in F$. (Here $D_r(x)$ is the open ball centred at $x$ of radius $r$.) Accordingly, a fractal may be defined as a quasi-self-similar set. In some important cases the similarity transformations of a fractal set have the structure of a semi-group of non-expanding transformations with two or more generators. The Julia set of an analytic function $f(z)$ is such a fractal, the inverses of $f$ being the generators of the corresponding semi-group. The fractal concept can be generalized in a variety of ways, but generally accepted definitions are still lacking. In one such a generalization the fractal dimension is only a local property. Multi-fractal measures are related to a distribution on a geometric support which could be a fractal set in the ordinary sense.

The field of fractals is rapidly expanding, in particular their applications in statistical physics, natural sciences and computer graphics. E.g., the use of fractals in image processing may give a considerable compression of relevant data.

Many "objects" in nature, such as, e.g., coastlines ([a1]), zeolites, patterns of dialectic discharge ([a5]), Anderson localized wave functions, dendritic growth and viscous fingers ([a6]), can be well described by deterministic or stochastic (multi-) fractal structures. Recently, [a5], progress has been made in understanding, in terms of Laplace equations and stochastic fields, how fractal structures could arise and evolve dynamically.

#### References

 [a1] B.B. Mandelbrot, "The fractal geometry of nature" , Freeman (1983) MR1484414 MR1325015 MR1540536 MR0674512 MR0665254 Zbl 0925.28001 Zbl 0652.28002 Zbl 0504.28001 [a2] K.J. Falconer, "The geometry of fractal sets" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1985) MR0867284 Zbl 0587.28004 [a3] H.-O. Peitgen, P.H. Richter, "The beauty of fractals" , Springer (1986) MR0852695 Zbl 0601.58003 [a4] B.B. Mandelbrot, "Fractals and multifractals. Noise, turbulence and galaxies" , Springer (1988) MR1043651 [a5] L. Pietronero, C. Evertsz, A.P. Siebesma, "Fractal and multifractal structures in kinetic critical phenomena" S. Albeverio (ed.) Ph. Blanchard (ed.) M. Hazewinkel (ed.) L. Streit (ed.) , Stochastic processes in physics and engineering , Reidel (1988) pp. 253–278 MR0948714 Zbl 0654.58024 [a6] L. Pietronero (ed.) E. Tosatti (ed.) , Fractals in physics , North-Holland (1986) MR0863016 Zbl 0652.58001 Zbl 0734.58006
How to Cite This Entry:
Fractals. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Fractals&oldid=31801