# Fibonacci manifold

The Fibonacci manifold $M_n$, $n\geq2$, is a closed orientable three-dimensional manifold whose fundamental group is the Fibonacci group $F(2,2n)$ (cf. also Orientation). Such manifolds were discovered by H. Helling, A.C. Kim and J. Mennicke [a2] as geometrizations of Fibonacci groups. For $n\geq4$, the manifolds $M_n$ are closed hyperbolic three-manifolds (cf. also Hyperbolic metric), $M_3$ is the Euclidean Hantzche–Wendt manifold, and $M_2$ is the lens space $L(5,2)$ (see [a2]).

Many interesting properties of Fibonacci manifolds can be obtained from their relation to links and branched coverings over the three-dimensional sphere $S^3$, discovered by H.M. Hilden, M.T. Lozano and J.M. Montesinos [a3]. In fact,

1) $M_n$ is the $n$-fold cyclic covering of the three-dimensional sphere $S^3$, branched over the figure-eight knot (cf. Listing knot), see [a3];

2) $M_n$ can be obtained by Dehn surgery with parameters $1$ and $-1$ on the components of the chain of $2n$ linked circles in $S^3$, see [a1];

3) $M_n$ is the two-fold covering of $S^3$, branched over the link $T_n$ corresponding to the closed $3$-string braid $(\sigma_1\sigma_2^{-1})^n$, see [a9]. The above well-known family $T_n$ of links in $S^3$ includes the figure-eight knot as $T_2$, the Borromean rings as $T_3$, the Turk's head knot $8_{18}$ as $T_4$, and the knot $10_{123}$ as $T_5$ (in the notation of [a7]). The last description of $M_n$ also shows that the hyperbolic volumes of the compact Fibonacci manifolds $M_{2n}$, $n\geq2$, coincide with those ones of the (non-compact) link complements $S^3\setminus T_n$, see [a8], [a9]. Also, since the $M_n$ are arithmetic if and only if $n=4,5,6,8,12$ (see [a2], [a3] and Arithmetic group), this shows that hyperbolic manifolds with the same volume can be both arithmetic and non-arithmetic, see [a8].

There are several generalizations of Fibonacci manifolds, related to generalizations of the Fibonacci groups, see [a10], [a4], [a5], [a6] and Fibonacci group.

#### References

 [a1] A. Cavicchioli, F. Spaggiari, "The classification of -manifolds with spines related to Fibonacci groups" , Algebraic Topology, Homotopy and Group Cohomology , Lecture Notes in Mathematics , 1509 , Springer (1992) pp. 50–78 [a2] H. Helling, A.C. Kim, J. Mennicke, "A geometric study of Fibonacci groups" J. Lie Theory , 8 (1998) pp. 1–23 [a3] H.M. Hilden, M.T. Lozano, J.M. Montesinos, "The arithmeticity of the figure-eight knot orbifolds" B. Apanasov (ed.) W. Neumann (ed.) A. Reid (ed.) L. Siebenmann (ed.) , Topology'90 , de Gruyter (1992) pp. 169–183 [a4] A.C. Kim, A. Vesnin, "The fractional Fibonacci groups and manifolds" Sib. Math. J. , 38 (1997) pp. 655–664 [a5] C. Maclachlan, "Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers, groups and manifolds" A.J. Duncan (ed.) N.D. Gilbert (ed.) J. Howie (ed.) , Combinatorial and Geometric Group Theory (Edinburgh, 1993) , Lecture Notes , 204 , London Math. Soc. (1995) pp. 233–238 [a6] C. Maclachlan, A.W. Reid, "Generalized Fibonacci manifolds" Transformation Groups , 2 (1997) pp. 165–182 [a7] D. Rolfson, "Knots and links" , Publish or Perish (1976) [a8] A.Yu. Vesnin, A.D. Mednykh, "Hyperbolic volumes of Fibonacci manifolds" Sib. Math. J. , 36 : 2 (1995) pp. 235–245 [a9] A.Yu. Vesnin, A.D. Mednykh, "Fibonacci manifolds as two-fold coverings over the three-dimensional sphere and the Meyerhoff–Neumann conjecture" Sib. Math. J. , 37 : 3 (1996) pp. 461–467 [a10] B.N. Apanasov, "Conformal geometry of discrete groups and manifolds" , de Gruyter (2000)
How to Cite This Entry:
Fibonacci manifold. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Fibonacci_manifold&oldid=32846
This article was adapted from an original article by Boris N. Apanasov (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article