# Coerciveness inequality

An inequality providing a lower bound for a certain bilinear form, or providing an upper bound for the norm of a solution of a certain elliptic boundary value problem, in terms of the coefficients of the elliptic equation and of the boundary data. Let

$$L = \sum_{\left| \alpha \right| \leqslant 2 m} a_{\alpha} \left( x \right) \partial^{\alpha},$$ $$\left( - 1 \right)^m Re \sum_{\left| \alpha \right| = 2 m} a_{\alpha} \left( x \right) \xi^{\alpha} \geqslant c \left| \xi \right|^{2 m},$$

be a uniformly elliptic operator in a region in , with coefficients ; let be a subregion of , and suppose that in some neighbourhood of the boundary of one has differential operators , , of orders , the characteristics of which are not tangent to at any point of . Then, in some neighbourhood of , there exist differential operators of orders , , such that

 (1)

for all in . Here denotes the scalar product in .

The form

is called a coercive form on a space , , if there exist constants and such that

 (2)

for all . Here is the Sobolev space and is the subspace of consisting of all elements with compact support, i.e. elements vanishing in a neighbourhood of the boundary of . Inequality (2) is a coerciveness inequality for the form . If (2) remains valid with , then is said to be strongly coercive.

If a solution of the equation satisfies the conditions , , on , then one has an inequality

 (3)

for some constants . If a solution of the equation satisfies conditions on , , then instead of (3) one has the inequality

 (4)

This inequality provides an estimate for the norm of the solution of the equation in the Sobolev space in terms of its norm in and of the norms of and , in the appropriate spaces. Inequality (4) is a coerciveness inequality for the boundary value problem for an elliptic equation.

Using inequality (4) one obtains the more general inequality

Coerciveness inequalities play an important role in the investigation of coercive boundary value problems and in proofs of the smoothness of solutions of elliptic equations; they are particularly important in analyticity proofs for solutions of analytic elliptic equations [2].

#### References

 [1] S. Agmon, "Lectures on elliptic boundary value problems" , v. Nostrand (1965) [2] C.B. Morrey, L. Nirenberg, "On the analyticity of the solutions of linear elliptic systems of partial differential equations" Comm. Pure Appl. Math. , 10 : 2 (1957) pp. 271–290