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Difference between revisions of "Transcendental curve"

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A plane curve whose equation in rectangular Cartesian coordinates is not algebraic. In contrast to algebraic curves (cf. [[Algebraic curve|Algebraic curve]]), transcendental curves can have an infinite number of points of intersection with a straight line and an infinite number of points of inflection. On transcendental curves one encounters points of a special nature that do not exist on algebraic curves: points of termination, with the property that a circle of sufficiently small radius with centre at this point intersects the curve only at a single point; corner points (points of fracture) at which two branches of the curve come together, each of them having a tangent at this point; asymptotic points, which a branch of the curve approaches continuously, forming an infinite number of rotations around the point. Some transcendental curves have distinctive peculiarities of form (for example, they have a dotted branch consisting of an infinite set of isolated points).
 
A plane curve whose equation in rectangular Cartesian coordinates is not algebraic. In contrast to algebraic curves (cf. [[Algebraic curve|Algebraic curve]]), transcendental curves can have an infinite number of points of intersection with a straight line and an infinite number of points of inflection. On transcendental curves one encounters points of a special nature that do not exist on algebraic curves: points of termination, with the property that a circle of sufficiently small radius with centre at this point intersects the curve only at a single point; corner points (points of fracture) at which two branches of the curve come together, each of them having a tangent at this point; asymptotic points, which a branch of the curve approaches continuously, forming an infinite number of rotations around the point. Some transcendental curves have distinctive peculiarities of form (for example, they have a dotted branch consisting of an infinite set of isolated points).
  
One of the attempts to classify transcendental curves is based on the fact that in the overwhelming majority of known transcendental curves (as for all algebraic curves) the slope <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936101.png" /> of the tangent at each point of the curve is the root of an algebraic equation, the coefficients of which are polynomials in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936102.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936103.png" />. In other words, the differential equation of the majority of known transcendental curves is a first-order equation of the form
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One of the attempts to classify transcendental curves is based on the fact that in the overwhelming majority of known transcendental curves (as for all algebraic curves) the slope $y'$ of the tangent at each point of the curve is the root of an algebraic equation, the coefficients of which are polynomials in $x$ and $y$. In other words, the differential equation of the majority of known transcendental curves is a first-order equation of the form
  
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936104.png" /></td> </tr></table>
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$$\sum_{r=0}^nf_r(x,y)(y')^{n-r}=0,$$
  
where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936105.png" /> are polynomials without common factors. This circumstance enables one to classify all algebraic curves, as well as almost-all transcendental curves (except, for example, the [[Cornu spiral|Cornu spiral]]), into groups of so-called pan-algebraic curves, which are distinguished by degree <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936106.png" /> and rank <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936107.png" /> — the maximal degree of the polynomials <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936108.png" />. For example, for curves of order three, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t0936109.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t09361010.png" />; for the [[Archimedean spiral|Archimedean spiral]], <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t09361011.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093610/t09361012.png" />. Pan-algebraic curves possess many of the properties inherent to algebraic curves. For example, the notions of the [[Hessian (algebraic curve)|Hessian (algebraic curve)]] and the [[Polar|polar]] can be generalized to them. Concerning the attempts at further classifications of pan-algebraic curves, see [[#References|[1]]].
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where $f_0,\ldots,f_n$ are polynomials without common factors. This circumstance enables one to classify all algebraic curves, as well as almost-all transcendental curves (except, for example, the [[Cornu spiral|Cornu spiral]]), into groups of so-called pan-algebraic curves, which are distinguished by degree $n$ and rank $\nu$ — the maximal degree of the polynomials $f_0,\ldots,f_n$. For example, for curves of order three, $n=1$, $\nu=2$; for the [[Archimedean spiral|Archimedean spiral]], $n=2$, $\nu=4$. Pan-algebraic curves possess many of the properties inherent to algebraic curves. For example, the notions of the [[Hessian (algebraic curve)|Hessian (algebraic curve)]] and the [[Polar|polar]] can be generalized to them. Concerning the attempts at further classifications of pan-algebraic curves, see [[#References|[1]]].
  
 
Examples of transcendental curves are [[Spirals|spirals]], the [[Catenary|catenary]], the [[Dinostratus quadratrix|Dinostratus quadratrix]], the [[Cycloid|cycloid]], as well as the graphs of the transcendental functions: exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, etc. (cf. [[Transcendental function|Transcendental function]]).
 
Examples of transcendental curves are [[Spirals|spirals]], the [[Catenary|catenary]], the [[Dinostratus quadratrix|Dinostratus quadratrix]], the [[Cycloid|cycloid]], as well as the graphs of the transcendental functions: exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, etc. (cf. [[Transcendental function|Transcendental function]]).

Revision as of 11:03, 26 July 2014

A plane curve whose equation in rectangular Cartesian coordinates is not algebraic. In contrast to algebraic curves (cf. Algebraic curve), transcendental curves can have an infinite number of points of intersection with a straight line and an infinite number of points of inflection. On transcendental curves one encounters points of a special nature that do not exist on algebraic curves: points of termination, with the property that a circle of sufficiently small radius with centre at this point intersects the curve only at a single point; corner points (points of fracture) at which two branches of the curve come together, each of them having a tangent at this point; asymptotic points, which a branch of the curve approaches continuously, forming an infinite number of rotations around the point. Some transcendental curves have distinctive peculiarities of form (for example, they have a dotted branch consisting of an infinite set of isolated points).

One of the attempts to classify transcendental curves is based on the fact that in the overwhelming majority of known transcendental curves (as for all algebraic curves) the slope $y'$ of the tangent at each point of the curve is the root of an algebraic equation, the coefficients of which are polynomials in $x$ and $y$. In other words, the differential equation of the majority of known transcendental curves is a first-order equation of the form

$$\sum_{r=0}^nf_r(x,y)(y')^{n-r}=0,$$

where $f_0,\ldots,f_n$ are polynomials without common factors. This circumstance enables one to classify all algebraic curves, as well as almost-all transcendental curves (except, for example, the Cornu spiral), into groups of so-called pan-algebraic curves, which are distinguished by degree $n$ and rank $\nu$ — the maximal degree of the polynomials $f_0,\ldots,f_n$. For example, for curves of order three, $n=1$, $\nu=2$; for the Archimedean spiral, $n=2$, $\nu=4$. Pan-algebraic curves possess many of the properties inherent to algebraic curves. For example, the notions of the Hessian (algebraic curve) and the polar can be generalized to them. Concerning the attempts at further classifications of pan-algebraic curves, see [1].

Examples of transcendental curves are spirals, the catenary, the Dinostratus quadratrix, the cycloid, as well as the graphs of the transcendental functions: exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, etc. (cf. Transcendental function).

References

[1] A.A. Savelov, "Planar curves" , Moscow (1960) (In Russian)


Comments

References

[a1] K. Fladt, "Analytische Geometrie spezieller ebener Kurven" , Akad. Verlagsgesell. (1962)
How to Cite This Entry:
Transcendental curve. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Transcendental_curve&oldid=14219
This article was adapted from an original article by D.D. Sokolov (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article