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Jacobi symbol

From Encyclopedia of Mathematics
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$$\left(\frac aP\right)$$

A function defined for all integers $a$ coprime to a given odd integer $P>1$ as follows: Let $P=p_1\ldots p_r$ be an expansion of $P$ into prime factors (not necessarily different), then

$$\left(\frac aP\right)=\left(\frac{a}{p_1}\right)\ldots\left(\frac{a}{p_r}\right),$$

where

$$\left(\frac{a}{p_i}\right)$$

is the Legendre symbol.

The Jacobi symbol is a generalization of the Legendre symbol and has similar properties. In particular, the reciprocity law:

$$\left(\frac PQ\right)\left(\frac QP\right)=(-1)^{(P-1)/2\cdot(Q-1)/2}$$

holds, where $P$ and $Q$ are positive odd coprime numbers, and the supplementary formulas

$$\left(\frac{-1}{P}\right)=(-1)^{(P-1)/2},\quad\left(\frac 2P\right)=(-1)^{(P^2-1)/8}$$

are true.

The Jacobi symbol was introduced by C.G.J. Jacobi (1837).

References

[1] C.G.J. Jacobi, "Gesammelte Werke" , 1–7 , Reimer (1881–1891)
[2] P.G.L. Dirichlet, "Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie" , Vieweg (1894)
[3] P. Bachmann, "Niedere Zahlentheorie" , 1–2 , Teubner (1902–1910)


Comments

Considered as a function on $(\mathbf Z/p\mathbf Z)^*$, the Jacobi symbol is an example of a real character. This real character plays an important role in the decomposition of rational primes in a quadratic field (see [a1]).

References

[a1] D.B. Zagier, "Zetafunktionen und quadratische Körper" , Springer (1981)
How to Cite This Entry:
Jacobi symbol. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Jacobi_symbol&oldid=32940
This article was adapted from an original article by S.A. Stepanov (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article