##### Actions

The largest normal subgroup of a group $G$ belonging to a given radical class of groups. A class of groups is called radical if it is closed under homomorphic images and also under "infinite extension" , that is, if the class contains every group having an ascending normal series with factors from the given class (see Normal series). In every group there is a largest radical normal subgroup — the radical. The quotient group by the radical is a semi-simple group, that is, it has trivial radical.

An example of a radical class is the class of groups having an ascending subnormal series with locally nilpotent factors. Sometimes the term "radical" is used just in connection with the largest locally nilpotent normal subgroup (in the case of finite groups this is the nilpotent radical or Fitting subgroup). The most important radical in finite groups is the solvable radical (see Solvable group). Finite groups having a trivial solvable radical have a description in terms of simple groups and their automorphism groups (see [Ku]).

#### Radical of a Lie group

In the class of Lie groups the radical is the largest connected solvable normal subgroup. In any Lie group $G$ there is a radical $R$, and $R$ is a closed Lie subgroup in $G$. If $H$ is a normal Lie subgroup in $G$, then $G/H$ is semi-simple (see Lie group, semi-simple) if and only if $H\supset R$. The subalgebra of the Lie algebra $\def\fg{ {\rm \mathfrak g}}$ of $G$ corresponding to the radical is the largest solvable ideal of the Lie algebra $\fg$, called the radical of $\fg$.

The radical of an algebraic group $G$, the largest connected solvable normal subgroup of $G$, is always closed in $G$. The radical $R(G)$ of a linear algebraic group coincides with the connected component of the identity in the intersection of all Borel subgroups of $G$; it is the smallest closed normal subgroup $H$ such that $G/H$ is semi-simple. The set $R(G)_{\rm u}$ of all unipotent elements in $R(G)$ is a connected unipotent closed normal subgroup in $G$, being the largest connected unipotent closed normal subgroup. This subgroup is called the unipotent radical of $G$ and can be characterized as the smallest closed normal subgroup $H$ in $G$ such that $G/H$ is reductive.