# Quantale

A complete sup-lattice together with an associative product satisfying the distributive laws

for all (cf. also Lattice; Distributivity; Associativity).

The name "quantale" was introduced by C.J. Mulvey [a1] to provide a non-commutative extension of the concept of locale. The intention was to develop the concept of non-commutative topology introduced by R. Giles and H. Kummer [a2], while providing a constructive, and non-commutative, context for the foundations of quantum mechanics and, more generally, non-commutative logic. The observation that the closed right ideals of a -algebra form a quantale satisfying the conditions that each element is right-sided () and idempotent () led certain authors to restrict the term "quantale" to mean only quantales of this kind [a3], but the term is now applied only in its original sense.

The realization by J. Rosický [a4] that the development of topological concepts such as regularity required additional structure led [a5] to the consideration of involutive quantales, and of the spectrum of a -algebra (cf. also Spectrum of a -algebra) as the quantale of closed linear subspaces of , together with the operations of join given by closed linear sum, product given by closed linear product of subspaces, and involution by involution within the -algebra. The right-sided elements of the spectrum are the closed right ideals of the -algebra (cf. [a2], [a6]). By the existence of approximate units, each element of the sup-lattice of right-sided elements satisfies the condition that . By a Gel'fand quantale is meant an involutive unital quantale in which the right-sided (equivalently, left-sided) elements satisfy this condition.

Generalizing an observation in [a4], the right-sided elements of any involutive quantale may be shown to admit a pseudo-orthocomplement, defined by . In any Gel'fand quantale , the right-sided elements are idempotent, and the two-sided elements form a locale.

Observing that relations on a set forming a quantale with respect to arbitrary union and composition is applied implicitly by C.A. Hoare and He Jifeng when considering the weakest pre-specification of a program [a7], and noting that the quantale in question is exactly that of endomorphisms of the sup-lattice of subsets of , led to the consideration [a8] of the quantale of endomorphisms of any orthocomplemented sup-lattice , in which the involute of a sup-preserving mapping is defined by for each . In the quantale of relations on a set , this describes the reverse of a relation in terms of complementation of subsets. Observing that the quantale of endomorphisms of the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of closed linear subspaces of a Hilbert space provides a motivating example for this quantization of the calculus of relations, the term Hilbert quantale was introduced for any quantale isomorphic to the quantale of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice .

Noting that the weak spectrum of a von Neumann algebra is a Gel'fand quantale of which the right-sided elements correspond to the projections of and on which the right pseudo-orthocomplement corresponds to orthocomplementation of projections, a Gel'fand quantale is said to be a von Neumann quantale if for any right-sided element . For any von Neumann quantale , the locale of two-sided elements is a complete Boolean algebra. Any Hilbert quantale is a von Neumann quantale, and a von Neumann quantale is a Hilbert quantale exactly if the canonical homomorphism , assigning to each the sup-preserving mapping on the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of right-sided elements of , is an isomorphism [a8]. Any Hilbert quantale is a von Neumann factor quantale in the sense that is exactly . The weak spectrum of a von Neumann algebra is a factor exactly if is a factor [a9] (cf. also von Neumann algebra).

A homomorphism from a Gel'fand quantale to the Hilbert quantale of an orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be a representation of on [a10]. A representation is said to be irreducible provided that invariant (in the sense that for all ) implies or . The irreducibility of a representation is equivalent to the homomorphism being strong, in the sense that . A homomorphism of Gel'fand quantales is strong exactly if is irreducible whenever is irreducible. A representation of on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be algebraically irreducible provided that for any atoms there exists an such that (cf. also Atomic lattice). Any algebraically irreducible representation is irreducible: the algebraically irreducible representations are those for which every atom is a cyclic generator. An algebraically irreducible representation on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice is said to be a point of the Gel'fand quantale . The points of the spectrum of a -algebra correspond bijectively to the equivalence classes of irreducible representations of on a Hilbert space [a10]. (Presently (2000), this is subject to the conjecture that every point of is non-trivial in the sense that there exists a pure state that maps properly. For a discussion of the role of pure states in this context, see [a10].) In particular, the spectrum is an invariant of the -algebra . It may be noted that the Hilbert quantale of an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice has, to within equivalence, a unique point; moreover, the reflection of such a Gel'fand quantale into the category of locales is exactly . In particular, the points of any locale are exactly its points in the sense of the theory of locales.

A von Neumann quantale is said to be atomic provided that the orthocomplemented sup-lattice of its right-sided elements is atomic. For any atomic von Neumann quantale the complete Boolean algebra of two-sided elements is atomic. Moreover, the canonical homomorphism is algebraically irreducible exactly if is a von Neumann factor quantale. A Gel'fand quantale is said to be discrete provided that it is an atomic von Neumann quantale that admits a central decomposition of the unit , in the sense that the atoms of the complete Boolean algebra majorize a family of central projections with join . For any atomic von Neumann algebra , the weak spectrum is a discrete von Neumann quantale. A locale is a discrete von Neumann quantale exactly if it is a complete atomic Boolean algebra, hence the power set of its set of points. A homomorphism of Gel'fand quantales is said to be:

algebraically strong if is algebraically irreducible whenever is an algebraically irreducible representation of on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice ;

a right embedding if it restricts to an embedding of the lattices of right-sided elements;

discrete if it is an algebraically strong right embedding. A Gel'fand quantale is said to be spatial if it admits a discrete homomorphism into a discrete von Neumann quantale [a11]. For any -algebra , the canonical homomorphism

of its spectrum into the weak spectrum of its enveloping atomic von Neumann algebra is discrete, hence is spatial. Similarly, a locale is spatial as a Gel'fand quantale exactly if its canonical homomorphism into the power set of its set of points is discrete. More generally, a Gel'fand quantale is spatial exactly if it has enough points, in the sense that if are distinct, then there is an algebraically irreducible representation on an atomic orthocomplemented sup-lattice such that are distinct [a11].

In other important directions, Girard quantales have been shown [a12] to provide a semantics for non-commutative linear logic, and Foulis quantales to generalize the Foulis semi-groups of complete orthomodular lattices [a13]. The concepts of quantal set and of sheaf have been introduced [a14] for the case of idempotent right-sided quantales, generalizing those for any locale. These concepts may be localized [a15] to allow the construction of a fibration from which the quantale may be recovered directly. The representation of quantales by quantales of relations has also been examined [a16].

#### References

 [a1] C.J. Mulvey, "&" Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo , 12 (1986) pp. 99–104 [a2] R. Giles, H. Kummer, "A non-commutative generalization of topology" Indiana Univ. Math. J. , 21 (1971) pp. 91–102 [a3] K.I. Rosenthal, "Quantales and their applications" , Pitman Research Notes in Math. , 234 , Longman (1990) [a4] J. Rosický, "Multiplicative lattices and -algebras" Cah. Topol. Géom. Diff. Cat. , 30 (1989) pp. 95–110 [a5] C.J. Mulvey, "Quantales" , Invited Lecture, Summer Conf. Locales and Topological Groups, Curaçao (1989) [a6] C.A. Akemann, "Left ideal structure of -algebras" J. Funct. Anal. , 6 (1970) pp. 305–317 [a7] C.A.R. Hoare, He Jifeng, "The weakest prespecification" Inform. Proc. Lett. , 24 (1987) pp. 127–132 [a8] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "A quantisation of the calculus of relations" , Category Theory 1991, CMS Conf. Proc. , 13 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1992) pp. 345–360 [a9] J.W. Pelletier, "Von Neumann algebras and Hilbert quantales" Appl. Cat. Struct. , 5 (1997) pp. 249–264 [a10] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "On the quantisation of points" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 159 (2001) pp. 231–295 [a11] C.J. Mulvey, J.W. Pelletier, "On the quantisation of spaces" J. Pure Appl. Math. (to appear) [a12] D. Yetter, "Quantales and (non-commutative) linear logic" J. Symbolic Logic , 55 (1990) pp. 41–64 [a13] C.J. Mulvey, "Foulis quantales" to appear [a14] C.J. Mulvey, M. Nawaz, "Quantales: Quantal sets" , Non-Classical Logics and Their Application to Fuzzy Subsets: A Handbook of the Mathematical Foundations of Fuzzy Set Theory , Kluwer Acad. Publ. (1995) pp. 159–217 [a15] U. Berni-Canani, F. Borceux, R. Succi-Cruciani, "A theory of quantale sets" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 62 (1989) pp. 123–136 [a16] C. Brown, D. Gurr, "A representation theorem for quantales" J. Pure Appl. Algebra , 85 (1993) pp. 27–42
How to Cite This Entry:
Quantale. C.J. Mulvey (originator), Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Quantale&oldid=17639
This text originally appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098