# Minkowski theorem

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Minkowski's theorem on convex bodies is the most important theorem in the geometry of numbers, and is the basis for the existence of the geometry of numbers as a separate division of number theory. It was established by H. Minkowski in 1896 (see [1]). Let $N$ be a closed convex body in $\mathbf{R}^n$, symmetric with respect to the origin $0$ and having volume $V(N)$. Then every point lattice $\Lambda$ of determinant $d(\Lambda)$ for which $$V(N) \ge 2^n d(\Lambda)$$

has a point in $N$ distinct from $0$.

An equivalent formulation of Minkowski's theorem is: $$\Delta(N) \ge 2^{-n} d(\Lambda)$$ where $\Delta(N)$ is the critical determinant of the body $N$ (see Geometry of numbers). A generalization of Minkowski's theorem to non-convex bodies is Blichfeldt's theorem (see Geometry of numbers). The theorems of Minkowski and Blichfeldt enable one to estimate from above the arithmetic minima of distance functions.

## Contents

#### References

 [1] H. Minkowski, "Geometrie der Zahlen" , Chelsea, reprint (1953)

#### Comments

A refinement of Minkowski's theorem employing Fourier series was given by C.L. Siegel. A different refinement is Minkowski's theorem on successive minima (see Geometry of numbers). These refinements have applications in algebraic number theory and in Diophantine approximation. For a collection of other conditions which guarantee the existence of lattice points in a convex body see .

### Minkowski's theorem on linear forms

The system of inequalities $$\left\vert{ \sum a_{1j} x_j }\right\vert \le c_1$$ $$\left\vert{ \sum a_{ij} x_j }\right\vert < c_i\ \ \ i=2,\ldots,n$$ where $a_{i,j}, c_i$ are real numbers, has an integer solution $(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \neq 0$ if $c_1\cdots c_n \ge |\det a_{i,j}|$. This was established by H. Minkowski in 1896 (see [1]). Minkowski's theorem on linear forms is a corollary of the more general theorem of Minkowski on a convex body (see part 1).

#### References

 [1] H. Minkowski, "Geometrie der Zahlen" , Chelsea, reprint (1953) [2] H. Minkowski, "Diophantische Approximationen" , Chelsea, reprint (1957) [3] J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to the geometry of numbers" , Springer (1972)

E.I. Kovalevskaya

#### Comments

The problem when the first inequality in Minkowski's theorem on linear forms can be replaced by strict inequality was solved by G. Hajós.

#### References

 [a1] P.M. Gruber, C.G. Lekkerkerker, "Geometry of numbers" , North-Holland (1987) pp. Sect. (iv) (Updated reprint) [a2] P. Erdös, P.M. Gruber, J. Hammer, "Lattice points" , Longman (1989)
How to Cite This Entry:
Minkowski theorem. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Minkowski_theorem&oldid=34529
This article was adapted from an original article by A.V. Malyshev (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article