# Daniell integral

An extension of the concept of the integral, proposed by P. Daniell [1]. The construction scheme of this integral, which is known as the Daniell scheme, is an extension of the integral originally defined for a certain set of functions — the so-called elementary functions — to a wider class of functions. While retaining the way of extending but by changing the content of the initial set of elementary functions, it is possible to arrive at different extensions of the concept of the integral. In this scheme the concept of an elementary integral is axiomatically defined, unlike in Lebesgue's scheme (cf. Lebesgue integral) in which the concept of a measure is axiomatic.

Let be an arbitrary set and let be a certain set of real bounded functions defined on ; these functions are called elementary. It is assumed that is a vector lattice, i.e. from and it follows that , and

Let be a real functional defined on such that

1) (linearity);

2) (non-negativity);

3) if for all , then (continuity with respect to monotone convergence).

Such a functional is known as an integral over elementary functions or an elementary integral. A set is said to be a set of measure zero if for each there exists a non-decreasing sequence such that for all , and

Here, denotes the characteristic function of .

A function defined on belongs to the class if there exists a sequence such that almost-everywhere and . The number

is said to be the integral of . The integral does not depend on the choice of the particular approximating sequence .

The class is the set of functions which are defined on and which are representable in the form , where . Functions of the class are called summable, while the number

is known as the Daniell integral of the function . The class is a vector lattice of finite functions (considered up to sets of measure zero) which is closed with respect to almost-everywhere convergence, with finite integrals, while the Daniell integral of summable functions has the properties of linearity, non-negativity, continuity with respect to almost-everywhere convergence of majorable summable functions (Lebesgue's theorem on passing to the limit under the integral sign), and also several other natural properties of the integral.

If and is the set of the step functions

the Daniell integral becomes identical with the Lebesgue integral on the summable functions on . The Daniell scheme may be used to construct the integral of functions with values in a -complete lattice.

#### References

 [1] P. Daniell, "A general form of integral" Ann. of Math , 19 (1917) pp. 279–294 [2] G.E. Shilov, B.L. Gurevich, "Integral, measure, and derivative: a unified approach" , Dover, reprint (1977) (Translated from Russian) [3] L.H. Loomis, "An introduction to abstract harmonic analysis" , v. Nostrand (1953)

Property 3) to be satisfied by the non-negative linear functional above (i.e. as for all ) is called the Denjoy condition, and is a very important requirement.

In the article above, functions in (in ) differing on a set of measure zero are tacitly identified; the equivalence classes thus obtained are also called functions (with some abuse of language), as is usually done in measure theory. The statement that be a vector lattice is thus to be understood as: the set of equivalence classes in forms a vector lattice.

If the vector lattice has the property

then there is on the -field generated by on a unique -finite -additive measure such that is , and is for (see [3]). Actually, the Daniell integral is often used for constructing measures in functional analysis.

#### References

 [a1] K.R. Stromberg, "Introduction to classical real analysis" , Wadsworth (1981) pp. 199–206; 334 [a2] B. Szökefalvi-Nagy, "Real functions and orthogonal expansions" , Oxford Univ. Press (1965)
How to Cite This Entry:
Daniell integral. V.I. Sobolev (originator), Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Daniell_integral&oldid=17172
This text originally appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098